Chapter 9: How Did We Get Here?

Change over time in a species is called

mutagen
copy editing
cultural relativity
evolution

Archbishop James Ussher estimated the age of the earth and humans to be around

6,000 years old
4.5 billion years old
4.5 million years old
12,000 years old

Remains of animals that have replaced by rock are called

paleos
relics
fossils
artifacts

All hominins were

large-brained
bipedal
very tall
knuckle-walkers

All australopithecines have been found in

Asia
South America
North America
Africa

Lucy is remarkable because

she is the oldest australopithecine
she discovered the first australopithecine in 1924
she is the oldest hominin
much of her post-cranial skeleton was found

The opening for the spinal cord at the base of the skull is called

medulla oblongata
laetoli
the foramen magnum
bipedality

Skeletal evidence for bipedalism includes

the position of the foramen magnum
the shape of the pelvis
the orientation of the femurs
the lack of a divergent or grasping toe
the Laetoli trackway
all are correct

Homo habilis is a consistent and well-understood fossil.

False
True

Homo erectus had a similar body stature to modern humans, but had a smaller brain size.

False
True

A Homo erectus specimen from Lake Turkana in Afrca in which much of the post-cranial skeleton is preserved in called.

Turkana Boy
Neanderthal Man
Lucy
Handy Man

Homo erectus made stone tools called

handaxes
arrowheads
Oldowan choppers
atlatl darts

At the site of Dmanisi in the Republic of Georgia

Neanderthals buried their dead
Turkana Boy was discovered
there is an Australopithecine trackway
very primitive examples of Homo erectus were discovered

Neanderthals had slightly larger brains than humans.

True
False

The Pleistocene from around 2.5 million to 12,000 years ago consisted of

a series of ice ages
the invention of agriculture
a series of Australopithecine footprints
the fusion of Africa and South America

The Neandertha genome has been sequenced, and it overlaps with some modern human populations.

True
False

The debate at The Pit of the Bones in Spain is

whether the handaxe "Excalibur" rightfully belongs to Arthur Pendragon
whether Homo habilis should be considered another Australopithecine
whether Homo erectus had language
whether the remains represent ritual deposition of the dead

We know Neanderthal buried their dead based on

skeletons that are oriented in manner
fully articulated skeletons
both are correct!

Evidence for Neanderthal cannibalism is

stone tool cut marks on Neanderthal bones
fully articulated skeletons
written historical records
cave paintings representing cannibalistic rituals

Evidence for Neanderthal care and sympathy is

sympathy cards
cut marks on bone
excalibur
healed wounds

Neanderthals overlapped in time with modern humans and interbred with them.

True
False

Compared to Archaic humans AMH’s have

smaller browridges
a smaller brain on average
a more domed-shaped skull
all are correct

Mitochondrial DNA is passed on

from mother to offspring
by recombining with nuclear DNA
only to sons
only to daughters

One of the first cases to link people to people living in the past was

the Syrian hamster revolution of 1918
Homo habilis
the OJ Simpson trial
the Romanov case

Hunting

is at least hundreds of thousands of years old
started during the Industrial Revolution
started in the last 10,000 years
is not interesting to paleoanthropologists since chimps also get most of their calories from meat

Hunting is thought to have

arisen in gorillas first
done very little
helped fund the cost of the hominin brain
been invented around 5,000 years ago

Gorilla diets

are supplemented with cooked foods
are high in protein
are insufficient to fund a bigger brain
are similar to human diets

Richard Wrangham thinks

raw food diets are better for humans
humans should eat more like gorillas
cooking with fire provided extra energy to fund a larger brain
cooking foods ruins their nutrients

Nina Jablonski argues that

human water sweat glands developed in response to a more open environment
humans sweat much like other mammals
sweat glands and furlessness are unrelated
furlessness in humans is a response to parasite load

Nina Jablonski thinks

increased pigmentation was a response to hominin furlessness
we inherited watery sweat from our Syrian hamster forebears
fire burned off human hair
humans have very few sweat glands