Glossary

Important to U.S. westward migration, the Homestead Act provided adult heads of families with 160 acres of surveyed government land for a minimal fee, and 5 years tenancy on that land.  

a dating system meaning "in the year of our lord" (anno domini);Êequivalent to C.E. or Common/Current era; usually placed before the date, as in AD 1200 (see Chapter 2)

A poem in which the first letter of each line follows the alphabet down the page. There are no restrictions on meter or rhyme.

Lincoln served as the 16th U.S. President. Lincoln presided over the Union during the Civil War, advocated for the end of slavery, and was assassinated by a confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth.

Rencher was appointed as Governor of New Mexico Territory in 1857 by President Buchanan. Rencher was a social progressive who passed legislation for mandatory education for all children, and paid teachers per student.

estimate of an actual calendar date; also called chronometric dating (see Chapter 2)

An abstract is a brief summary of a research article that is used to help the reader quickly ascertain the paper's purpose.

Idea words such as "dream," "love," or "curiosity" that one cannot touch physicaly and experience directly through the five senses.

Neolithic tell site in Syria with pre-Neolithic and Neolithic components

The environment or community concerned with the pursuit of research, education, and scholarship.

Refers to a particular style of expression that researchers use to define the intellectual boundaries of their disciplines and their areas of expertise.

When existing schemas change on the basis of new information.

An irrigation system used in Spain and its colonies for agriculture, composed of communal waterways to direct snowmelt and rivers over long distances. New Mexico's acequias date back to the pre-contact period. 

Status gained from accomplishments

prestige that is gained through one's accomplishments; contrast with hereditary status/office

Located on top of a mesa, its height protected inhabitants from enemies below and gave the pueblo the nickname "Sky City."

To make more personal attributions for the behavior of others than we do for ourselves and to make more situational attributions for our own behavior than for the behavior of others.

Also known as the Transcontinental Treaty, in 1819 the United States and Spain completed a treaty that transferred Florida to the United States and settled their border dispute.

How an organism copes with their environment

Literally "go-ahead men" in Spanish. These were nobles who explored and conquered the New World in return for funding for further operations and new titles of nobility.

Born near Los Lunas, New Mexico, Otero was an early New Mexican suffragette and educator. Educated in the East, Ms. Otero returned to New Mexico and was active in politics, education and womans voting rights.   

Advisory Committee on Uranium was known officially as the S-1 Uranium Committee. It was a subcommittee of the National Defense Research Committee that had succeeded the Briggs Advisory Committee in Uranium. The committee later evolved into the Manhattan Project.  

Behavior that is intended to harm another individual who does not wish to be harmed.

the reliance on domesticated plants for food

Mexican army general and politician Agustín de Iturbide took control of Mexico City on September 27, 1821. His act that established the first and only Mexican Empire effectively secured the new republic's independence from Spain.

Alamogordo Bombing Range was the former name of White Sands Missile Range (WSMR), located near Alamogordo, NM. The Trinity Site where the first atomic bomb was tested is part of WSMR.   

Albert B. Fall served as Senator of New Mexico, associate judge of the New Mexico Supreme Court, member of the Territorial Council, Attorney General, captain of an infantry company during the Spanish-American War, and delegate for New Mexico's constitutional convention. In 1908, Fall(...)

German-born theoretical physicist who developed the general theory of relativity. He decided to stay in the U.S. after Adolf Hitler rose to power in 1933. He endorsed a letter to President Roosevelt about nuclear weapons which led to the creation of the Manhattan Project.  

American Historian and U.S. Senator from Indiana. Beveridge was a supporter of Theodore Roosevelt's "Progressive" national agenda.  

Cavalry Major, who led the 9th U.S. Cavalry regiment, was made up of enlisted African Americans, known as the Buffalo Soldiers

Following Santa Anna's centralization of the Mexican government through the Constitution of 1836, Pérez was appointed Governor of New Mexico. Despite his proven leadership ability, he failed to understand the realities of the northern frontier. He was brutally killed in August 1837 not long(...)

A contemporary and comrade of John Tunstall in the Lincoln County War, Tunstall and McSween hired local outlaws, such as Billy the Kid, to protect their land from the corrupt Murphy-Dolan Faction.   

Sachs was a Jewish American economist who delivered a letter to President Roosevelt from Einstein and Szilard. The letter informed the President of the growing German nuclear research and encouraged the President to build nuclear research capabilities. This letter spurred the start of the(...)

All Indian Pueblo Council (AIPC) is comprised of nineteen Sovereign Pueblos. These Pueblos are from New Mexico, with one from Texas: Pueblos of Acoma, Cochiti, Isleta, Jemez, Laguna, Nambe, Ohkay Owingeh, Picuris, Pojoaque, San Felipe, San Ildefonso, Sandia, Santa Ana, Santa Clara, Santo(...)

A variant of a gene.

In a line of poetry, a series of sounds consonants make at the beginning of or in the middle of words.

Someone other than the mother provides help in caring for infants

An indirect reference made to something else.

Benavides was a Portuguese Franciscan missionary who was active in New Mexico during the 16th and 17th centuries. He wrote several ethnographic works and coined the term "Navajo."

Alta California, or Upper California, was a province created by the Viceroyalty of New Spain in 1804 called Alta California. Franciscan Friar Junípero Sera and Gaspar de Portolá established its first mission-and-presidio complex at San Diego in 1769.

Panels of religious paintings displayed directly above and behind an altar.

Refers to any behavior that is designed to increase another person’s welfare, and particularly those actions that do not seem to provide a direct reward to the person who performs them.

A Spanish explorer of the New World, one of the four survivors of the Narváez Expedition shipwreck that claimed more than 300 lives. Traveled through the American Southwest for eight years.

Obregon's presidency of Mexico (1920-1924) was the first stable government since the start of the Mexican Revolution. Under his presidency he brought about education, socio economic and workers rights reforms into the country.   

Chaves was a lifelong Republican and an active political figure in New Mexico during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In 1891, Governor L. Bradford Prince appointed him as the first Territorial Superintendent of Schools. During his tenure, he defended bilingual education in(...)

During World War I, the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) was sent to Europe to aid the allies in 1917. Not until further preparations, however, did the AEF join French and British forces in the late spring of 1918. Ultimately, the support of the AEF helped the allied forces emerge victorious(...)

stands for "anatomically modern human"; usually refers to skeletal remains that are essentially the same as modern humans (see Chapter 3)

A brain region responsible for regulating our perceptions of, and reactions to, aggression and fear.

Separating complex ideas, materials, texts and studying their different parts in order to discover how the parts relate to one another

Presents information with a comprehensive analysis to solve problems, demonstrate relationships, or make recommendations.

˘ ˘ ΄ Two light stresses followed by a heavy stress.

belief system in which the deceased have a continued existence and are able to influence the fortunes of the living; plastered skulls at Neolithic sites in the Near east may represent ancestor veneration plastered skull at Jericho

Formerly known as the Anasazi, the Ancestral Puebloan people inhabited the present-day Four Corners region between about 550 and 1200 CE. They constructed housing sites such as those at Chaco Canyon and Mesa Verde, and, as their name suggests, they were the forbears of the Pueblo peoples.

A cognitive bias for an individual to rely too heavily on an initial piece of information offered (known as the "anchor") when making decisions.

The southernmost province of Spain. Its name is derived from Al-Andalus, a former Islamic stronghold on the Iberian Peninsula.

A Spanish friar who hailed from Cordoba who directed the construction of the Pecos mission until its completion in 1625.

Although the term "Anglo" broadly refers to anyone of British or Anglo-Saxon linguistic descent, in New Mexico history the term refers to people from the Eastern United States who first migrated to the area in the 1820s. Following the U.S.-Mexico War, more and more Anglo Americans arrived in(...)

stone lamps filled with animal fat used to the interior of caves of the Upper Paleolithic (see Chapter 3)

Generalized spirit that is like luck, charm, spirit, or charisma that can be transferred between objects or people.

The idea that the natural world is endowed with spirits, consciousness, and agency. Animals, plants, rocks, obejcts, weather, words, numbers can have animistic qualities.

refers to heating metal in order to strengthen it. Often combined with forging.

Proposed epoch based on the idea that humans have had a geological impact on planetary systems of climate and environment.

Perspective that humans are naturally superior to other life forms

Attributing human qualities to something

Anticlerical policies were those that opposed the political, economic, and social power of the Catholic Church. Nineteenth-century liberal leaders in Mexico, such as Benito Juárez, sought to curb the political power that the Catholic Church traditionally held by breaking up Church landholding(...)

interest in artifacts as aesthetic objects only without concern for context or the information it can provide (see Chapter 1)

Edgar Lee Hewett played a central role in the passage of this legislation that gave the President of the United States the authority to designate certain places as National Monuments. The United States Congress passed the Antiquities Act in 1906.  

The leader of a Spanish expedition into the Rio Grande Valley and New Mexico in 1582.

A wealthy Spanish trader who established a system of patronage for the production of religious art. His donations led to the restoration of several famous churches in New Mexico.

  A circuit court judge in the mid 1880s who became the only person of Spanish and Mexican heritage to sit on the New Mexico Supreme Bench.  

Born in Taos in 1846, Joseph built a career as a territorial politician during his adult life. Between 1878 and 1880 he served as a judge in Taos County. He then moved to Ojo Caliente and was elected to the Territorial House of Representatives in 1882. For a full decade between 1885 and 1895(...)

Santa Anna was President of the first Mexican Republic. He authorized and enacted the Siete Leyes. 

Valverde served as governor of New Mexico in 1716 and from 1718 to 1721. His politics largely involved stopping French encroachment into the Great Plains region.

Under the leadership of Wendell Chino, the Mescalero Apaches created a ski resort, initially named Apache Summit. Today it is the Inn of the Mountain Gods. 

A short phrase that contains a general truth.

Field of anthropology that uses concepts and techniques to help solve modern-day problems, e.g., forensic anthropology

No connection between words and the things they represent.

A type of third-party intervention that avoids negotiation as well as the necessity of any meetings between the parties in conflict.

an approach to archaeology that applies scientific techniques to archaeological questions (see Chapter 1)

Field of anthropology interested in the human past through the study of material remains

the study of metals in archaeology, how they were procured, modified, and used.

Marked by the characteristics of an earlier period; antiquated.

term for the Mesolithic tradition in North America characteristic by broad-spectrum foraging and use of groundstone

The effort to use rhetorical appeals to influence an audience and achieve a certain set of purposes and outcomes; argumentative writing must take a stance.

Armijo was a prominent Navajo headman at the time of the Long Walk. Upon undertaking the journey he reportedly stated, "Is it American justice that we must give up everything and receive nothing?" Along with headmen Manuelito and Barboncito, Armijo and several others signed the Treaty of 1868(...)

The Army of the West was the U.S. military unit that occupied New Mexico during the U.S.-Mexico War. Brigadier General Stephen Watts Kearny headed the Army of the West's 1,700 men. Following the successful occupation of Santa Fe, Kearny divided his forces and continued with 200 men toward(...)

Marriages organized by people other than the bride and groom.

Zimmerman was State Secretary for Foreign Affairs (1916-1917) of the German Second Reich. During his lifetime Herr Zimmermann was closely associated with various groups intent on political revolution and rebellion in Ireland, India, and Russia.  

Article IX of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo states that Mexicans living in the ceded territories would become U.S. citizens, their liberty and property would be protected, and they would be free to exercise their Catholic religion.

In the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Article VIII states that the property of Mexicans living in the ceded territories would be protected under U.S. administration. This article also granted these people the period of one year to declare their intentions to become U.S. citizens or to remain(...)

Article X of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo directly and unequivocally guaranteed the provisions of land grants issued by the Spanish and Mexican governments. The U.S. Congress struck the article from the final version of the treaty. 

connected or put together; usually used in conjunction with skeletons; skeletons intentionally buried are often articulated while those exposed to the elements are not

portable object made or modified by humans (see Chapter 2)

Status inherited or assigned

group of related or spatially associated artifacts (see Chapter 2)

Statement that presents a point of view.

A process in which our existing knowledge influences new conflicting information to better fit with our existing knowledge, thus reducing the likelihood of schema change.

Founded in New York in 1846, the Associated Press (AP) is a consortium of journalists dedicated to breaking important news stories at the national and international levels. Initially, the AP relied on couriers on horseback sponsored by five New York City newspapers to relay news of the(...)

Occurs when an object or event comes to be associated with a natural response, such as an automatic behavior or a positive or negative emotion.

A large family of indigenous languages in North America with two separate groups concentrated in the northwestern region of the continent and the U.S. Southwest. Since 2012 there has been a move toward referring to the Athabaskan linguistic group as Dene, the name for the language family used(...)

In 1865 the American Missionary Association founded Atlanta University with support from the Freedmen's Bureau to provide education to newly freed African Americans in Georgia. By the 1870s, the university issued its first bachelor's degrees. Most of its graduates became teachers and(...)

A prehistoric tool used for launching projectiles (usually spears) at higher velocities than they would otherwise travel when thrown by hand.

early dart-throwing device that enabled more forceful throws; sometimes called a spear thrower (see Chapters 1 and 3)

craftsman associated with elite residences or structures

Individual differences in how people relate to others in close relationships.

In a rhetorical situation, the orientation of the voice toward the message it wants to convey.

The type of attributions that we tend to make for the events that occur to us.

A poem about the morning or dawn.

The individual or group whom the writer intends to address. The audience is the intended readers or listeners of a text

In 1880, Espinosa was born in the area of present-day southern Colorado considered to be part of the nuevomexicano homeland. He received a Ph.D. in Folklore at the University of Chicago, and he taught at Stanford University. During his career, he catalogued and traced the origins of(...)

An early advocate and educator defending the use of Spanish in the public school system in New Mexico during the 1860's.   

The originator or creator of a work, especially of a literary composition.

Is a personality dimension that characterizes people who prefer things to be simple rather than complex and who tend to hold traditional and conventional values.

offering of one's own blood depiction of auto-sacrifice at Bonampak, Chiapas

Thinking that occurs out of our awareness, quickly, and without taking much effort.

The tendency to make judgments of the frequency of an event, or the likelihood that an event will occur, on the basis of the ease with which the event can be retrieved from memory.

non-professional person interested in archaeology (see Chapter 2)

A chimpanzee who outcompetes humans in a working memory test

Ayuntamientos, or cabildos, were municipal governments during the Spanish colonial era in New Mexico.

Aztlán is the legendary home of the Aztec people. During the Chicano movement of the 1960s and 1970s, the notion of Aztlán provided legitimacy to the notion that the U.S. Southwest was the historical homeland of the Indo-hispano, or Chicano, people. 

before Christ, equivalent to B.C.E. or Before Common/Current Era; typically placed after the date as in 200 B.C. (see Chapter 2)

Before Common/Current Era; equivalent to B.C. (see Chapter 2)

before present (see Chapter 2)

A poem written in quatrains and A B C B rhyme. The first and third lines contain eight syllables, while the second and fourth lines contain six. According to Robin Skelton, the most common rhyme scheme is iambic tetrameter alternating with iambic trimeter.

arena for Mesoamerican ritualized game associated with fertility, sacrifice and militarism; also found in the Hohokam region of the American Southwest Hohokam ballcourt

Ancestral Puebloans occupied Bandelier from 1150 to 1550 CE. Their homes were carved out of volcanic tuff and their fields were placed strategically on mesa tops.

Navajo chief, know as "Peace Chief" who successfully negotiated the return of the Navajo people to their lands with General Sherman

neighborhoods of foreign enclaves found at the city of Teotihuacán in Mexico

Ojeda was the Zia informant for Diego de Vargas during his expedition into Santa Fe.

In February 1861, Lieutenant George N. Bascom of the 7th U.S. Infantry traveled to Apache Pass, Arizona, with orders to locate a boy taken captive by Apaches a few months earlier. Curious about the presence of the soldiers, Cochise approached Bascom's camp and was invited into his tent for(...)

The likelihood that events occur across a large population.

On November 1, 1915, carrancista forces under General Plutarco Elías Calles routed Pancho Villa's army at Agua Prieta, adjacent to Douglas, Arizona, on the U.S.-Mexico Border. The battle devastated Villa's forces and continued to erode his former reputation for invincibility. Additionally,(...)

Over a period of a few weeks in April and May of 1911, maderista forces under Pascual Orozco and Pancho Villa defeated the Mexican Federal army at Ciudad Juárez. The battle illustrated the strength of the Mexican Revolution and forced the aging dictator Porfirio Díaz into exile in Europe.

A naming abbreviation used in the calendar era, it stands for Before Common Era, which corresponds to BC (Before Christ) in the Anno Domini designation.

Translates to "In front of the end people" or "standing in front of the enemy." This Northeastern Chiricahua band lived in the Mogollon Mountains and Tularosa Mountains.  

Measures designed to directly assess what people do.

An approach to studying behavior that stresses learning through a system of rewards and punishments.

Juárez was a liberal Mexican reformer during the Mexican American War. At one time he denied Santa Ana refuge, later fled to New Orleans, only to return to Mexico in 1855 and became Mexican President two years later. 

The 23rd President of the U.S., Harrison championed the the creation of the National Forests. As President , he supported anti-trust laws, civil rights, and increased the capacity of the U.S Navy.   

An ethnic group indigenous to North Africa.  

Founder of the New Mexico Penitente Brotherhood in the late 19th Century. He was also credited with the construction of the Santuario de Chimayó.

A Spanish military leader who was the governor of Louisiana and later Viceroy of New Spain. He also initiated a number of peace establishments with the Apache to lessen Spanish-Apache violence.

inclination towards a particular perspective, a prejudice (see Chapter 1)

Having preconceived ideas about someone or something

a stone tool that has been worked (pieces removed) from both faces; a projectile point is a kind of biface

Bigotes is the leader of a delegation from Pecos Pueblo who visited Coronado after his conquest of Hawikuh. The Spaniards called him Bigotes because he had a mustache, which was unusual for a Native American. Bigotes later guided Coronado's men on a journey to the Great Plains.

A western frontier outlaw, and participant in the Lincoln County Wars.  

Field of anthropology interested in human biology and how it intersects with human culture.

disturbance of archaeological remains as a result of plant and animal activity (see Chapter 2)

A type of historical writing that demonizes Spanish colonizers, depicting them as cruel and inhumane, sometimes butchering natives and feeding them to dogs.

The strong devaluation of ingroup members who threaten the positive image and identity of the ingroup.

Interpreting the negative outcomes that occur to others internally so that it seems that they deserved them.

A form that lends itself well to a meditative voice, blank verse is written in iambic pentameter lines that do not rhyme.

cave in South Africa with evidence for early use of red ocher about 100,000 years ago; Sites like Blombos suggest the Cognitive Revolution occurred much earlier than 40,000 years ago, where there is a great deal of evidence for modernity appears in the archaeological record in Europe (see Chapter 3)

a spongy mass of solid metallic iron created by heating iron in a reducing atmosphere with charcoal: FeO + CO = Fe + CO2

Established in the U.S. during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, these schools were intended to culturally assimilate native american youths and children into European American standards 

Ability to recognize one's own body, usually tested using the mark test.

Classic Maya site in Chiapas known for its murals of war captives and elite bloodletting

using isotopes preserved in bone collagen to gain an understanding of human diets

During New Mexico's territorial period, land speculators and other people hoping to create new, prosperous towns published broadsides, pamphlets, and newspaper articles to attract outsiders to relocate to their new settlements. At times, family members sent letters to their relatives in other(...)

A former indian reservation, near Fort Sumner, New Mexico, in which several Native American tribes, Apache and Navajo, were forced to live in by the U.S. Government. The Navajo journey to Bosque Redondo is referred to as the "Long Walk."  

Boucher de Perthes realized, based on excavations at Sommes, France, that archaeological remains were older than previously thought, beyond early Biblical estimates (see Chapter 1)

Economic and political legislation introduced by Spanish Kings under the House of Bourbon with the intention of introducing the latest manufacturing technology and European Enlightenment thought to modernize a declining Spain.

evidence for the bow and arrow becomes prevalent in the Mesolithic; Bow and arrows come into use in the Americas around AD 800

A spontaneous group discussion to produce ideas and ways of solving problems.

When the groom must serve the wife’s family.

Gift or money from the groom’s family or descent group to the bride’s family.

A large sheet of paper printed only on one side. Generally used for posters, announcements, advertisementsit was a common form of printed material between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries.

African American army soldiers who after the Civil War, were posted to the American West to fight the indian wars and protect settlers. Indians referred to them as Buffalo because of their dark skin, curly hair and courage on the battlefield.

Works of art, statues, figures, etc.

Longest stagecoach line in world history at approximately 2,812 miles. Major factor in settlement and development of Arkansas and American west.   

Current/Common Era; equivalent to AD (see Chapter 2)

A Spanish form of municipal or town council government during the colonial and postcolonial periods.  

large urban Mississippian center located in Illinois, not far from present-day St. Louis Missouri Monks Mound at Cahokia

combination of the Haab and Tzolk'in which repeated every 52 years

Vocal communication in animals.

"The Royal Road," a trade route set by the Spanish that connected Mexico City to outposts and settlements further northward in Arizona, Texas, and New Mexico.

human-made waterway system to support agricultural fields

Originally established in 1942 as Army Air Base, Clovis, the facility was initially used to train bomber units for service in the South Pacific during World War II. Although Cannon Air Force Base was slated for closure in 2005, Senator Pete Dominici and Governor Bill Richardson pressured(...)

Canyon de Chelly was the home of the Navajo tribe until the New Mexico governor Lt. Antonio Narbona invaded by force in 1805. In 1863 Kit Carson sent some of his troops to put an end to the canyon and defeat the Navajo tribe, by doing so they led them to surrender and move to Bosque Redondo, NM.

Text that describes an image. It appears outside the image, usually below it.

A small, highly maneuverable ship designed and used by the Portuguese in their exploration of West Africa and the Atlantic during the 15th Century.

Carl Gorman was a Navajo Code Talker during World War II to keep the Japanese from cracking their code for the Marines while at Guadalcanal. Gorman passed away in 1998 at the age of 90 and is remembered for "fighting for the right to speak."

Born in New Mexico, Barela became a territorial legislator and helped craft the State of Colorado Constitution. 

A system of racial categorization used in the Spanish colonies in which those who claimed pure Spanish blood (limpieza de sangre) stood at the top, followed by people of mixed-race heritage that served as peasant laborers or house servants. At the bottom were slaves of African descent.

means melting the metal and shaping it in a mold

An incomplete line of metrical poetry in which the last syllable or foot is dropped.

The idea that engaging in less harmful aggressive actions will reduce the tendency to aggress later in a more harmful way.

An incomplete line of metrical poetry in which the last syllable or foot is dropped.

The process of trying to determine the causes of people’s behavior

A naming abbreviation used in the calendar era, it stands for Common Era, which corresponds to AD in the Anno Domini designation.

area at Tikal, Guatemala where lords lived and conducted their activities; located south of the great plaza, spreads over four acres and contains 42 multistory buildings North Acropolis

Refuge created for wildlife that resulted in the eviction of Kalahari foragers

The traits of warm and cold.

In the years following Mexico's Independence, Centralists were those who favored a strong central government in Mexico City with little power for regional or local jurisdictions. They generally supported a return to the colonial social, religious, and political status quo. Federalists, on the(...)

a World Heritage Ancestral Pueblo site located in the San Juan Basin of New Mexico; is known for its large Great Houses like Pueblo Bonito

cylinder-shaped vessels found at Chacoan great houses which contain evidence of liquid chocolate, a Mesoamerican product

An expedition in 1581 led by Francisco Sanchez, called "El Chamuscado," and Friar Augustin Rodriguez that visited the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico for the first time since Coronado's expedition. This small encounter would revive Spanish interest in the region.

The people who inhabit the story and move it forward.

Beaubien was a Canadian fur-trapper who had migrated to New Mexico in 1823. Four years later, he married Taos native María Paula Lobato and opened a mercantile business. In an effort to evade taxes imposed by the Mexican national government in 1840, he allied with Guadalupe Miranda (secretary(...)

First Lieutenant Charles Drew was appointed as U.S. Indian Agent to the Chiricahua Apaches at Fort McRae in 1869. Historians have characterized him as one of the best agents assigned to the tribe. The Chiricahua people, including Victorio and Loco, trusted Drew due to his efforts to attend to(...)

McNary was the Oregon Senate Minority Leader who claimed that a full quorum was not present in an effort to protest Senator Dennis Chávez's recitation of the Oath of Office.

Siringo was a Pinkerton Detective Agent most noted for providing information that led to the killing of Butch Cassidy and Sundance Kid. In 1916, Siringo was a New Mexico Ranger and a writer.   

Chattel slavery is the type of slavery that was common in the American South prior to the Civil War. Unlike other forms of bondage or captivity, chattel slaves were considered as no more than property to be bought and sold at the whims of their owners.

Selecting the evidence that confirms your hypothesis while ignoring results that do not.

Last original Navajo Code Talker to serve in World War II. In 2001, Mr. Nez received the Congressional Medal of Honor from President George H. Bush.  

High ranking and respected Admiral during WWII in the Pacific Theater. Along with MacArthur, Nimitz helped seal the U.S. victories in the Pacific.  

In this Chinese pattern, each line contains seven monosyllabic words with a caesura after each fourth word. The rhyme scheme is comprised of the pattern A B C B.

use of contrast between dark and light to create an artistic effect

A military conflict between the Spanish and Chichimeca natives that lasted from 1550 to 1590. It was the longest and costliest war in the history of New Spain.

Spanish for "lineage of the dog," the term referred to nomadic natives of Mexico and the American Southwest, used in a derogatory manner by the Spaniards since they often attacked trade convoys.

Apache tribe, translates to "Red Painted People."

A system in which children are promised in marriage.

Alternatively called the Chimayó Rebellion, the Revolt of 1837, or the guerra de los chimayosos, the 1837 conflict was an outgrowth of the Centralist-Federalst political divides that precipitated Texans to declare independence from Mexico. In New Mexico, grievances were much more localized.(...)

A Mesoamerican agricultural method using small, rectangular areas of fertile land to grow crops in the shallow lake beds of the Valley of Mexico.

A legend during his own lifetime, Kit Carson was known as a heroic western guide, trapper, and soldier. Although he was deeply conflicted about the order to force the Navajo people on the Long Walk to the Bosque Redondo in 1863, Carson carried out a brutal scorched-earth campaign that forced(...)

Presenting an idea or story in the order in which the events happened, from first to last event.

a game played by throwing a spear at a rolling stone in an attempt to land the spear where the stone falls over; evidence for the game of chunkey exists at the Mississippian site of Cahokia

Cicuye Pueblo (also called Pecos Pueblo by the Spanish) is located about 25 miles east of Santa Fe, New Mexico. Francisco Vasquez de Coronado brought his army to Cicuye after in the late 1500’s and early 1600’s the Spanish started building missions here.

A five-line stanza with the syllable count 2 4 6 8 2.

The information that documents the source from which an author took content. Citations that are in a print book’s footnotes and end notes are stored in Remarks.

A present-day Mexican municipality that was a prosperous mining town along the Camino Real during the the 1700s. Its development attracted settlers and trade that would reinvigorate the New Mexico colony.

The details, facts, and explanations that help clarify the main point of an essay 

are lineages commonly tied to a distant ancestor, frequently an animal; examples include Scottish clans and Pueblo clans

A late 19th and early 20th century New Mexican historian. She was actively involved in preservation of the traditions and cultures of New Mexico.   

Picking up on subtle cues to elicit the appropriate response.

A phrase that is so overused that its use results in unoriginal and unimaginative expression.

  Jemez Pueblo sculptor commissioned by the state of New Mexico to create a statue of Po'pay. The statue is the second work representing New Mexico and 100th of the collection for the Statuary Hall of the U.S. Capitol.   

For his actions as a Buffalo Soldier in the United States Army, Clinton Greaves received the Medal of Honor after the American Indian Wars.

Clinton Presba Anderson was a well-known Democratic politician in New Mexico. He served as U.S. Representative from 1941 to 1945, as the Secretary of Agriculture from 1945 to 1948, and as a U.S. Senator of New Mexico from 1949 to 1973.

Relationships between people that are characterized by loving, caring, commitment, and intimacy.

The final paragraph in an essay, which should not introduce new claims, but should instead wrap up the paper, explain how the paper proves the thesis, or explain the paper opens up additional thinking about your subject.

Tingley served as the 11th Governor of New Mexico and was a proponent of Roosevelt's New Deal policies. As Mayor of Albuquerque, he is well know from bringing Siberian Elms to the state, frequently called "Tingley Elms."   

While under Mexican rule between 1821 and 1836, Texas was not recognized as an independent state or province within the republic. Instead, it was part of a dual-jurisdiction connected to the province of Coahuila. The capital city was at Saltillo, something that Texan leaders, both Anglo and(...)

Chokonen (the central Chiricahua band) headman Cochise narrowly escaped death at the hands of Lieutenant Bascom in early 1861. With his father-in-law Mangas Coloradas, he waged war against the U.S. military throughout the early 1860s. In the early 1870s he negotiated the settlement of his(...)

Maya bark paper books

The extent to which a schema is activated in memory and thus likely to be used in information processing.

The discomfort that occurs when we behave in ways that we see as inappropriate, such as when we fail to live up to our own expectations.

Information-processing rules of thumb that enable us to think in ways that are quick and easy but that may sometimes lead to error.

The shift to modern human behavior including art, ritual, complex tools, music, and symbolic thought. The Cognitive Revolution has roots going back 100,000 years ago as evidenced by the use of red ocher in South Africa (Chapter 3)

The attempts on the part of one group to change the social status hierarchy by improving the status of their own group relative to others.

Intense feeling of togetherness and ecstatic excitement that accompanies ritual.

The idea that people should be more fundamentally connected with others and thus more oriented toward interdependence.

The intercontinental exchange of goods, disease, language, and technology between the Americas, Africa, and Eurasia after Christopher Columbus's initial voyage to the New World in 1492.

Rituals that mark the transition from childhood to adulthood.

The feelings and actions that keep partners working together to maintain the relationship.

Variables that are not part of the research hypothesis but that cause both the predictor and the outcome variable and thus produce the observed correlation between them.

The attempt to reduce prejudice by creating a superordinate categorization.

Close relationships in which partners suspend their need for equity and exchange, giving support to the partner in order to meet his or her needs, and without consideration of the costs to themselves.

Senders and receivers of messages in a communicative interaction. Because we are continuously sending and receiving verbal and/or nonverbal messages, we are simultaneously both a sender and receiver in interactions. For example, in a face-to-face interaction, the other communicator may be(...)

Compadrazgo was (and is) a system of spiritual kinship that is very similar to godparentage. In New Mexico, the practice dated back to the arrival of Spanish conquistadores and it continues even today. During the nineteenth century, compadrazgo involved more than choosing godparents for a(...)

Love that is based on friendship, mutual attraction, common interests, mutual respect, and concern for each other’s welfare.

Discusses elements that are similar 

The organization and division of Pueblo culture to preserve individual identity at the face of Spanish and Christian encroachment.

Discusses elements that are similar

This body of legislation gave Catholic missionaries the primary role in the colonization process. The regulations expressly prohibited the use of the word “conquest,” in favor of the more diplomatic term “pacification.” Royal officials forbade unsanctioned colonization expeditions in hopes of(...)

In advertising, the theme of a brand, which is relayed through the message, the product, the color choices, the layout design, and the graphic elements 

The characteristics that we are trying to measure.

The art of using the fewest words possible to convey an idea

The final paragraph in an essay, which should not introduce new claims, but should instead wrap up the paper, explain how the paper proves the thesis, or explain the paper opens up additional thinking about your subject.

Words that refer to something with physical properties that can be experiences with the five senses such as “chair,” water,” or “cat.”

When a response becomes associated with a stimulus.

The tendency for people to favor information that confirms their expectations, regardless of whether the information is true.

The primary problem or obstacle that unfolds in the plot that the protagonist must solve or overcome by the end of the narrative

The change in beliefs, opinions, and behaviors as a result of our perceptions about what other people believe or do.

People evicted from ancestral lands in the name of animal conservation

Edward Hirsch defines this as “the audible repetition of consonant sounds in words encountered near each other whose vowel sounds are different”—flower-fades-fruit: fow-fay-frew.

extravagant public displays of wealth and power

This Spanish constitution established the principles of universal male suffrage, the constitutional monarchy, freedom of the press, and supported many liberal policies for the country.  

Established the rights and responsibilities of the United Mexican States.

Enacted under President Santa Anna in 183, the Siete Leyes (seven laws) were constitutional changes provided for a stronger federal government oversight and administration for the first Mexican Republic.

Changes to the U.S. Constitution made though Congress. Important constitutional amendments can make monumental changes in the laws of the U.S. such as the 13th Amendment which abolished slavery. 

An official representative of one nation to another. Many U.S cites contain consulates from other nations. For example, there is a Mexican Consulate in Albuquerque. During the dispute over repatriation in the late 1840s, Mexican officials appointed Manuel Armendáriz as consul to New Mexico.

The idea that intergroup contact will reduce prejudice,

Refers to all the written substance in a document.   

The circumstances that form the setting for an event, statement, or idea, and in terms of which it can be fully understood and assessed.

location of an artifact and the surrounding matrix (see Chapter 1)

The idea that human language is reliant on cultural context for interpretation.

Discusses elements that are different.

When the short-term costs of a behavior lead individuals to avoid performing it, and this may prevent the long-term benefits that would have occurred if the behaviors had been performed.

When we deliberately size up and think about something—for instance another person.

The main idea upon which a writer builds their thesis statement.

In the 1620s, Franciscan leaders dubbed the New Mexico mission field the "Conversión de San Pedro," hearkening to the Conversion of St. Peter that was celebrated in Colonial Spanish territories on January 25. 

When we trust the people or groups with whom we are interacting and are willing to communicate and share with others.

To search for and test hypotheses about the relationships between two or more variables.

Word meaning 'polite' in English.

An argument that is opposed to another argument.

The tendency to think about events according to what might have been.

Beginning in the 1910s, County Home Demonstration Agents traveled throughout rural New Mexico to teach rural nuevomexicanas "modern" methods of preserving food (canning rather than drying), practicing hygeine, and rearing children. New Deal Agencies like the WPA provided new funds for County(...)

A stanza comprised of two lines.

A false statement of what the research was really about.

When people produce goods in exchange for food.

when a portion of society is devoted full-time to making goods

Craig Vincent was a civil rights activist in Taos, best known for his marraige to the beloved New Mexico folk singer Jenny Vincent. The couple supported Chicano rights and the efforts of Taos Pueblo to secure their claim to Blue Lake. Jenny sang for striking miners in southern New Mexico, an(...)

Captive children from the "rescate" practice.

A person of Spanish heritage born and raised in the colonies.

a gene-editing tool

Father of Juan de Oñate and a high ranking official in the New Spanish colonies, largely credited for the founding of the city of Guadalajara in 1531.

The act of  being openly engaged with a text while considering its multiple possibilities.  

is a ceramic or metal container in which metals are melted

An Aztec Emperor who ascended the throne in 1520 at the height of Spanish conquest. He was captured and tortured several times and later made a puppet figure under Spanish rule.

"Green Horn" in English and Tabivo Naritgant in his native language, he was a leader of the Comanche during the late 18th Century who fought against and was eventually killed by the Spanish.

The northwestern Mexican city where Cabeza de Vaca ended his expedition and Coronado began his search of the Cities of Gold.

Field of anthropology interested in human culture

Suspending judgment of a culture in order to understand why people do what they do

professional field that is aimed at conserving and managing archaeological and historical sites (see Chapter 2)

Behavior that is learned. Humans learn the language of their environment.

Features that are common to all human societies

Traditions, beliefs, and values tramsmitted through learning

A group of people, normally living within a given geographical region, who share a common set of social norms, including religious and family values and moral beliefs.

Anxiety as a result of being immersed in a foreign culture

storage and conservation of archaeological remains and field notes (see Chapter 1)

refers to the year a beam was cut

΄ ˘ ˘ A heavy stress followed by two light stresses.

This Latvian form consists of a quatrain of trochaic octometer lines with feminine endings. Although there are no end rhymes, alliteration and internal rhymes are common.

An American explorer who carved out the first trails that allowed settlement of lands west of the Appalachians. 

Best known as a constitutional scholar and attorney, Webster was a prominent figure supporting preservation of the Union during the years preceding the Civil War.  

Pieces of information.

A collection of (usually) organized information in a regular structure, usually but not necessarily in a machine-readable format accessible by a computer.

Cargo served as New Mexico Governor between 1967 and 1971. He was away fro the state during the Alianza courthouse raid in June of 1967, so Lieutenant Governor E. Lee Francis coordinated efforts to force Tijerina's surrender. As governor, Cargo's most prominent legacy was his creation of the(...)

A person's pledge of their labor or services as payment for a debt. It can be transferred to future generations if the debt is unpaid. 

Beginning an argument with a general principle, which is referred to as a major premise, then a related premise is applied to the major premise and a conclusion is formed.

An accomplished historian and New Mexico native who has done extensive work exposing the historical contributions of women and people of color to the state of New Mexico.

an approach to studying the past that rejects the idea of writing systems are a useful way to divide up time. Deep History considers all of the past to be just history. It also examines past behaviors in order to shed light on the current human condition (see Chapter 1)

Supreme supernatural beings.

Delgadito was the headman of the Canoncito band among the Navajo people. In 1863, his band was the first to surrender to Kit Carson at Fort Wingate and then make the Long Walk to Bosque Redondo.  

During the presidential election of 1846, the Democratic Party was split into three factions. The Northern Democrats supported the Lincoln Administration. Northern Democrats resisted slavery, while Southern Democrats supported slavery. 

In the latter half of the nineteenth century, Southern Democrats in Congress tended to support policies that promised to maintain segregation and "slavery under another name" in their home jurisdictions.

The science of dating tree rings to determine historical weather and geological patterns in the area surrounding the tree's habitat at a given time.

tree-ring dating; dating of archaeological specimens based on the annual growth of tree rings (see Chapter 2)

Democrat Dennis Chávez served as one of New Mexico's Senators between 1934 and his death in 1964. He worked tirelessly to bring federal funds to the state, particularly in the form of the Hispanic New Deal during the Depression era.

cavities

The variable that is measured after the manipulations have occurred.

The tendency to become used to, and thus less influenced by, a stimulus.

Word choice.

Diego de Archuleta was a politician and military officer during the Mexican period in New Mexico history. During the U.S.-Mexico War, he served as Governor Armijo's second-in-command and he favored armed resistance to the American occupation. His opposition to the U.S. presence in New Mexico(...)

Vargas served as the governor of New Mexico from 1688 to 1697. He successfully reconquered the territory after the 1680 Pueblo Revolt.

Peñalosa served as the 19th Spanish governor of New Mexico. His comparatively positive treatment of the natives earned him hostility from the evangelizing missionaries. After being declared a heretic and later forced into exile, he resisted Spanish colonizing efforts in the New World by siding(...)

Peñalosa served as the 19th Spanish governor of New Mexico. His comparatively positive treatment of the natives earned him hostility from the evangelizing missionaries. After being declared a heretic and later forced into exile, he resisted Spanish colonizing efforts in the New World by siding(...)

refers to the process of cultural traits spreading from one region to another

A two-foot line

The Navajo name for their nation and people, Diné literally means "the people.

The traditional homeland of the Navajo tribe which includes northwestern New Mexico, southwestern Colorado, southeastern Utah, and northeastern Arizona.

making inferences about the past based on a connection between modern and past people

Unjustified negative behaviors toward members of outgroups based on their group membership.

Occurs when negative emotions caused by one person trigger aggression toward a different person.

Ability to communicate ideas that are not in the immediate environment or that exist only in the imagination.

Our judgments about whether or not a party is receiving a fair share of the available rewards.

This Japanese form is composed of four lines with the syllable count 7 7 7 5. There is no rhyme or set meter.

An archaeological site in the Czech Republic with evidence for early ritual.

Upper Paleolithic open-air site in the Czech Republic; known for shaman's hut, Venus of Vestonice, and triple burial

Labor leader and activist, who along with César Chávez founded the National Farmworkers Association, later known as the United Farm Workers union. 

a household

altering or interfering with the reproduction of another species to produce favorable changes for humans

The action that we are most likely to emit in any given situation.

A titular Spanish governor of New Mexico from 1683-1686 and 1689-1691. He failed to reconquer the territory from the Pueblo Natives.

Don is an honorific title used in Spanish language to show deference to people considered to be most powerful in a local society. The use of the title could also simply show that a person held a title of nobility at whatever level. Don was the form used to address men; doña used to address(...)

Administrative Assistant in the Los Alamos Labs during the Manhattan Project. McKibbin was in charge of providing those working at Los Alamos with credentials and coordinated shipping and logistical issues.  

A five star army general who lead the Pacific Theatre battles during U.S. World War II. After Japanese surrender, McArthur was named the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers and helped the Japanese rebuild their nation: economically and politically. 

Good and wealth given by the bride's family to the groom's family.

When the groom's family tries get more dowry by abusing the wife. The practice can result in death or suicide.

During World War II, Eisenhower led D-Day, the massive invasion of Nazi-occupied Europe. After the war, he ran for president and served two terms, during which time he managed Cold War tensions with the Soviet Union, ended the Korean War, created an Interstate Highway System, and strengthened(...)

Born of mixed Laguna Pueblo, Scottish, and Lebanese heritage, Francis served as New Mexico's Lieutenant Governor between 1967 and 1971 during the administration of Governor David Cargo. Due to a constitutional stipulation that requires the Lieutenant Governor to take charge of affairs when the(...)

plugs worn in the ears; very common in the Americas; Hopewell ear spools were made from native copper Spiro Mound Ear Spools

term used to refer to mounds constructed from sediment; can take the form of embankments (linear mounds), enclosures, effigy mounds (in the shape of animals), conical (cone-like) mounds, and platform mounds Hopewell and Mississippian Traditions constructed earthworks

organic and environmental remains resulting from human activity such as charcoal, pollen and animal bones (see Chapter 2)

"Leather Cape" in English, a Comanche leader who was instrumental in negotiating an alliance with the Spanish in the late 18th Century.

stands for energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence and is used to identify what an object is made of. X-rays are fired at an object's surface, affecting the inner shells atoms of the sample. Energy is emitted specific to each element.

American archaeologist and anthropologist, whose area of expertise was Native American Southwest peoples and art. Hewett is given credit for the formation of and preservation of ancient native cultures in Bandelier National Monument and Chaco Canyon   

A step in the revision process that includes fixing typos and grammatical errors.

Ross served one time as governor of the New Mexico Territory. He voted against convicting President Andrew Johnson of "high crimes and misdemeanors" which allowed Johnson to stay in office, but he was subsequently impeached. 

Prominent American broadcast journalist. During broadcasts in World War II, Murrow brought the war to American homes via the radio while on location at many combat sites. "Good Night, and Good Luck" was his signature sign off.  

When the Civil War began in 1861, Canby was promoted to the rank of Colonel of the 19th U.S. Infantry and given the post of commander over the Department of New Mexico. Despite a defeat at the Battle of Valverde, Canby's Union forces repelled the Confederate advance into New Mexico under(...)

Known as "the father of the hydrogen bomb," Teller was an early member of the Manhattan Project team tasked to create the atomic bomb. 

A Governor of Colorado who was highly critical of Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal policies 

Sumner was a United States Army General who served in the U.S.-Mexican War. Fort Sumner, named after the general, was built to protect the settlers in the Pecos Valley from Native Americans.  

earthen mounds in the form of animals; the Hopewell Tradition created effigy mounds Serpent Mound

When people have roughly equal wealth and power

Today known as La Ciudad Juárez, or simply Juárez, it is a bi-national city on the US-Mexican border. Spanish colonizers took refuge here during the 1680 Pueblo Revolt.

Roberto Archuleta founded El Teatro Norteño, where members of El Partido de la Raza Unida could act in plays related to issues in New Mexico produced by Luis Valdez.

The Turk, a prisoner of a Plains Indian tribe who told Coronado about the legend of Quivira, a city of infinite wealth.

During the U.S. Presidential Election of 1844, westward expansion was the major campaign issue for Democrat James K. Polk and Whig Henry Clay. Polk championed expansion on all fronts, making his rallying cry “54° 40’ or fight!” Polk considered his electoral victory to be a mandate in support(...)

A technique that records the electrical activity produced by the brain’s neurons through the use of electrodes that are placed around the research participant’s head.

An elegy is a lament for the dead and contains the character of sadness and loss. It is considered a public poem that when done best, according Mark Strand and Evan Boland, sets the customs of death in a particular culture against the decorum and private feelings of thespeaker.

Baca spoke and published poetry in the Spanish language. In the 1890s he was the associate editor of La Voz del Pueblo in Las Vegas, New Mexico.

Born in Socorro, NM on 1865 Elfego Baca was best known as a lawyer, politician and a gunman. At age 19 he became a sheriff peace officer.   

Porter was a nature photographer and contemporary of Georgia O'Keeffe and Alfred Stieglitz.

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, New Mexico Territory 1885-1890.   

people with a disproportionate amount of wealth and power compared to the general populace

Wife of Francis Boyer, and an educator.  

A German immigrant to the United States, Fritz served as a Captain with the California Column commanded by General Carleton in 1862. Following his efforts to secure New Mexico for the Union during the Civil War, he purchased land near Fort Stanton and went into business with Lawrence G.(...)

Aggression that occurs with only a small amount of forethought or intent and that is determined primarily by impulsive emotions.

A visceral, heartfelt connection that arises between reader and character or characters through the unfolding (and possibly the resolution) of an invented, narrated conflict, a connection so powerful that the reader perceives reality and truth in what is known to be pretend, known to be fiction.

An affective response in which a person understands, and even feels, another person’s distress and experiences events the way the other person does.

Based on the collection and systematic analysis of observable data.

Meaning "entrepreneur" in English, empresarios were granted the right to settle on Mexican land in exchange for taking care of new settlers.

A type of legislation which grants authorization of legitimacy to an entity; such as the establishment of government agencies to carry out specific policies. 

The Spanish caretakers in the encomienda system, protecting native laborers under their care while giving them language and religious education in return for tributes in gold or other products.

A grant by the Spanish Crown that gave a colonist in the Americas the right to demand tribute and used the Indian inhabitants of the area as forced labor.

The process of learning one's culture

When two or more words that end lines rhyme.

A line of poetry that ends in punctuation.

The running over of a sentence across multiple lines of poetry.

Italian physicist who worked on the first nuclear reactor (Chicago Pile-1) and contributed to the development of quantum theory, nuclear and particle physics, and statistical mechanics. Fermi is also one of the men considered as the "father of the atomic bomb." He excelled in both theoretical(...)

Salazar was the founding editor of La Voz del Pueblo in Santa Fe in 1889. He subsequently edited El Independiente in Las Vegas. Throughout his publishing career he remained a vocal supporter of nuevomexicano rights within the United States.

Also known as “tornada”: this is the final tercet of a sestina.

Called "the father of the New Mexican Church," Perea served as a high-ranking missionary between 1610 and 1638, clashing with several governors and military officials, specifically filing reports of Governor Ceballos' child slave trading.

Esteban was the first known African to have arrived on the continental United States. He was one of the four survivors of Narváez Expedition shipwreck that claimed more than 300 lives.

“et al.” is short for “et alia,” which means “and other people” in Latin. In your paper, if you write Pauling et al. reported X findings, you are saying, Pauling and others reported X findings.

Assuming your culture is superior or judging another culture based on your own worldview

Anthropological description of a culture.

Appeals to the credibility, reputation, and trustworthiness of the speaker or writer (most closely associated with the voice).

A cultural and intellectual movement in 17th Century Europe that highlighted reason and individualism over tradition and religion.

Chacón was an influential rico editor and political figure that lived in Las Vegas in the late nineteenth century. He used his position to advocate for the adoption of Spanish American Ethnic Identity among nuevomexicanos.

An assessment or judgment based on specific criteria

It is factual information that helps the reader reach a conclusion and form an opinion about something. Evidence is given in research work or is quoted in essays and thesis statements but is paraphrased by the writer. If it is given as it is, then it is quoted properly within quotation marks.

The assumption that human nature, including much of our social behavior, is determined largely by our evolutionary past.

Relationships in which each of the partners keeps track of his or her contributions to the partnership.

A term used to refer to poems in the submission process that are under consideration by only one publisher exclusively.

use of modern experimentation to gain insight into the past

A person who is actually part of the experimental team but who pretends to be another participant in the study.

Research designs that include the manipulation of a given situation or experience for two or more groups of individuals who are initially created to be equivalent, followed by a measurement of the effect of that experience.

Statements that reveal how the examples support and/or complicate a writer's statements.

Derived from the word "expose," expository writing seeks to expose, explain, describe, define, or inform.

This form, invented by the Surrealists, is fun to write in a group. Each person writes two lines, then folds the paper so the next person writing can see only the second line; the next person writes two more lines and folds the paper so that only the second line is visible; and so on.

The idea that prejudice can be reduced for people who have friends who are friends with members of the outgroup.

Using a large area of land and relatively little labor

The extent to which relationships can be expected to hold up when they are tested again in different ways and for different people.

Born to a family that traces its heritage back Álvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca, Fabiola Cabeza de Baca-Gilbert grew up on a ranch on the Llano Estacado not far from Las Vegas. As a young woman, she taught in a rural school in Guadalupe County. Her teaching position made her realize how little(...)

Experimental designs that have two or more independent variables.

Evidence that cannot be disputed.

Spanish military officer who served as the last Spanish Governor of New Mexico and the first Mexican Governor. During the Lewis and Clark expedition Melgares was tasked with keeping the Americans out of the the region in order to keep the territory under Mexican Governorship.

natural formation at Chaco Canyon atop which lies the Sun Dagger

Errors in reasoning

The acceptance of one’s own low status as part of the proper and normal functioning of society.

The tendency to overestimate the extent to which other people are similar to us.

Being falsifiable means that the outcome of the research can demonstrate empirically either that there is support for the hypothesis (i.e., the relationship between the variables was correctly specified) or that there is actually no relationship between the variables or that the actual(...)

refers to animal bone, as in "the faunal assemblage" consisted entirely of mammoth bone

non-portable objects modified or made by humans, such as hearths (fireplaces), pits, and ovens (see Chapter 2)

Federalism is a system of government in which sovereignty is constitutionally divided between a central governing authority, or representative head, and constituent political units, such as states or provinces. The power to govern is shared between national and state governments based on(...)

Supporters of the Constitution who were committed to a loose, decentralized system of government.

Son of a prominent nuevomexicano family, Chávez made a fortune on the Santa Fe Trade in the 1820s and 1830s. He established a mercantile in Belen and managed his families trade interests from there. Known widely as Don Felipe, he continued to profit from trade along the Santa Fe Trail well(...)

The king of Spain during the height of his imperial power his empire had colonies on every continent known to Europeans at the time.

A graduate of Columbia Law School, Cohen was a prominent lawyer who drafted the legislation that became known as the Indian New Deal. The Indian Reorganization Act was the key law that provided for self-determination for Native Americans by ending the period of assimilation policy. After the(...)

Also called female genital mutilation (FGM); part of a rite of passage in which part of female genitalia are removed or modified.

A line of poetry that ends with an unstressed beat.

Martínez was one of the Tierra Amarilla land grant heirs whose family had been advocating for the return of their communal resource rights on the tract long before the arrival of Reies López Tijerina. Along with Gregorita Aguilar, Martínez apprised Tijerina to the deep history of the land grant.

Between 1644 and 1647 he served as the thirteenth Spanish Governor of New Mexico. During his tenure, he ordered the public hanging of twenty-nine Jemez warriors in order to preempt a rumored rebellion against Spanish authority in preparation for which the Jemez people had reportedly enlisted(...)

Fernando VII ruled a King of Spain twice, first in 1808 and again a second time from 1814-1833. He was cowardly, corrupt, and unfit to rule. Spain plunged into civil war after his reign.

area of early domestication in the Near East

Experiments conducted in everyday settings.

Words or phrases in which the meaning is not literal.

A parliamentary procedure to delay or prevent a vote by extending a debate.

Also known as the King's Daughters, a contingent of 800 French women who were sent to New France between 1663 and 1673 to encourage men to populate and settle in those territories.

First Mesa, or Wàlpi, is a census-designated place in Navajo County, Arizona, on the Hopi Reservation where 1,100 people live (based on the 2000 Census).  

The first Americans, hunter-gatherers who journeyed to the Americas from Asia via the Bering Strait Land Bridge (Beringia) some 12,000 years ago. Also referred to as Paleoindians

A writing perspective that uses “I.”

The extent to which having a given characteristic helps the individual organism to survive and to reproduce at a higher rate than do other members of the species who do not have the characteristic.

A gain for one side necessarily means a loss for the other side or sides.

Used in a narrative to introduce a prior, related event in the story.

the process of making stone tools

Catholicism practiced by conquered peoples that has influence from native cultures.

In metrical verse, lines can be divided into length and rhythm which we refer to as feet.Each foot is comprised of stressed and unstressed syllables.

Hunting and gathering; reliance on wild foods

Field that use anthropological techniques and concepts to help solve modern-day crime

Today called the WildEarth Guardians, the Forest Guardians were an environmental group that was founded in 1989. At its founding, the group's principal goal was to preserve the forest on Elk Mountain in New Mexico. Its members, however, did not understand the deep connections between(...)

the shaping by hammering.

the processes by which an archaeological site was formed; can also include the natural processes which act on a site after it is abandoned

Located in Oklahoma, the fort was part of the frontier fort system to protect Texas from raids. In 1894, Geronimo and other Chiricahua Apache prisoners of war were taken to Fort Sill. 

Near Bosque Redondo, Fort Sumner was used from 1863-1868 for Navajo and Mescalero Apache internment.  

A gene known to influence human language.

Founder of Blackdom, New Mexico which is now a ghost town. Boyer established the town to provide African Americans a self-sustaining community free from the discrimination and violence of the Old South.

Regular Catholic order whose members follow the teachings of Saint Francis of Assisi. They accompanied Hernán Cortés to central Mexico and later expanded their influence and power as the leading order in New Spain, including the Far North (today's New Mexico and U.S. Southwest).  

Along with María Varela, Manzanares co-founded the Ganados del Valle Cooperative in the early 1980s to provide nuevomexicano sheep ranchers with the means of marketing their animals and wool products.

A Spanish friar who warned the New Spanish government of possible Pueblo uprisings in the late 17th Century, although he was too late.

The military governor of New Mexico between 1632 and 1635 who issued permits authorizing colonizers to trade goods for native children.

A Spanish friar who led a caravan of sixty-seven caravans from the Mexican mining town of Parral to settle in New Mexico following Diego de Vargas's successful reconquest.

In 1910, Madero challenged Mexican President Porfirio Díaz in that year's election. When it became apparent that Madero had garnered extensive support, Díaz ordered his imprisonment and manipulated the election. Once the falsified election was over, Madero fled to San Antonio, Texas, where he(...)

In March of 1916, General Villa, a prominent general and revolutionary in the Mexican Civil War (1910-1920), led a raid with nearly 100 Mexican revolutionaries into the United States at Columbus, New Mexico.  

A Spanish nobleman who led a large expedition into the American Southwest in search for the Cities of Gold, razing several Native American settlements along the way. His efforts eventually took him as far inland as Kansas, but yielded nothing.

One of the Anglos who joined the artist colonies in New Mexico in the early twentieth century, Frank Applegate gained notoriety for his paintings, such as "The Santuario de Chimayó."

Attorney Frank Springer arrived in the New Mexico Territory in 1870 as the representative of the Dutch East India Company that had purchased sections of the Maxwell Land Grant from Thomas Catron. Once in New Mexico, Springer worked to oppose the power of the Santa Fe Ring over political and(...)

Elected three times, Roosevelt was the 32nd U.S. President. Progressive leadership during the Great Depression through the "New Deal" brought about positive social change and economic security. He died in office and was succeeded by Harry S. Truman. 

Reverend Franklin Tolby was an open critic of the Santa Fe Ring in Cimarron, New Mexico. His murder in 1875 sparked the Colfax County War.

Sometimes called the father of American anthropology, rejected unilineal evolution and the false distinction between “primitive” and “civilized” people.

When brothers share a wife.

Known for the Harvey Girls, Harvey was a railroad restaurateur who operated fine dining establishments along the Santa Fe Topeka railroad lines.  

In his opposition to Wendell Chino's proposed nuclear waste program on Mescalero lands in the early 1990s, former vice president of the tribal council Fred Peso also employed the language of tribal self-determination. He argued that for the Mescalero people to remain free of mandates from the(...)

Writing that comes out as a stream of thoughts unencumbered by grammar, spelling or a few of where it is heading.

The North American extension of the Seven Year's War fought between France and Britain's colonial armies along with their respective Native American allies. A British victory redrew the map of North America and Europe heavily in Britain's favor.

mural painting created by applying paint to wet plaster

During the Spanish Colonial and Mexican periods, fueros were special rights and privileges granted to members of the clergy and the military. Such rights included exemption from civil taxation and from trial in civil courts.

how something was used (see Chapter 2)

A neuroimaging technique that uses a magnetic field to create images of brain structure and function.

To overestimate the role of person factors and overlook the impact of situations.

One of the Navajo Chiefs who signed the U.S. Treaty with the Navajos in 1868 allowing the tribe to leave the Bosque Redondo.  

Ganados del Valle is an agricultural economic development nonprofit that utilized traditional cultural practices to develop small businesses that established marketing programs for local farmers, artists and craftspersons.

Castaño de Sosa was a Spanish explorer and slaver who attempted to establish a settlement in New Mexico.

When a cultural practice affects human biology.

A U.S. General during World War II, who was the architect of the Marshall Plan, which provided the Post WW II European nations with a plan for economic recovery.   

Sequence of nucleotide bases that codes for a protein or molecule that performs a function in the body.

A northern Italian coastal city that was one of the centers of the Renaissance, attracting many artists and traders. The city's prosperity led to its establishment of some of the oldest banking institutions in the world.

Set of genetic instructions for a species.

The genetic makeup of an individual.

Categories used to describe types of writing such as fiction, non-fiction, poetry, and drama.

Literally "decent people," gente decente were those who were considered the core of Spanish Colonial society in New Mexico. They typically used this title to distinguish themselves as civilized, as opposed to nomadic peoples in the surrounding areas

Kistiakowsky was one of the scientists involved in the Manhattan Project. Under his supervision the explosion lens for nuclear weaponry was created to compress plutonium necessary to achieve critical mass on implosion.   

Originally from Louisiana, George Curry served with Theodore Roosevelt and the Rough Riders during the Spanish-Cuban-American War. Due to that association, Roosevelt appointed Curry as governor in 1907 after Governor Hagerman was mired in scandals.

A native of Alabama, Long met Albuquerque's Ernie Pyle during their World War II service in Okinawa. Pyle convinced Long to enroll in the University of New Mexico following the war. Although he originally planned to pursue a degree in Education, his activism to desegregate Albuquerque(...)

Highly decorated union brigadier general during the Civil War, McCall also served under Zachary Taylor during the Mexican American War.  

An American liberal Senator from South Dakota, and a staunch anti Vietnam war advocate, Senator McGovern lost the bid for the Presidency in 1972 to Richard Nixon. McGovern spent significant time serving for international humanitarian causes during and after his tenure as U.S. Senator.(...)

Discoverer of the Folsom site in New Mexico

Meade was a Civil War general know for his decisive Union victory at the Battle of Gettysburg which was a pivotal point in the Union defeat of the Confederacy. 

Following his graduation from West Point in 1858, Bascom was stationed at Camp Floyd in Utah and then at Fort Buchanan in southern Arizona. His unsuccessful and treacherous attempt to ambush Cochise in 1861 is remembered as the Bascom Affair. When the Civil War began, he was promoted to(...)

As a member of the Texas Santa Fe expedition, in 1841, Kendall and the unit were captured by the Mexican Army. He published many of his experiences in the New Orleans Picayune and documented the expedition in a 900 page book. 

During the Spanish-Cuban-American War, Armijo served with Theodore Roosevelt's Rough Riders. Following the conflict and with Roosevelt's support, Armijo served in several different positions in the territorial government. In 1911, Armijo initiated an annual De Vargas Pageant to coincide with(...)

Bedonkohe Apache leader of the Chiricahua Apache who led his people to defend their land against the United States military. After his family was killed by Mexican soldiers, Geronimo participated in raids in the Southwest, Sonora, and Chihuahua, until his final surrender in 1886. He then spent(...)

Society in which older males hold all the power.

The act of manipulating the boundaries of an electoral constituency to favor a specific party.  

Typically dealing with subjects of love and separation, the ghazal is a form with Arabic roots consisting of rhyming couplets of the same syllabic length and a refrain.

System where a dead spouse is considered the biological parent of a child.

A term coined by Mark Twain, the last few decades of the nineteenth century have come to be known as the Gilded Age because of the thin veneer of prosperity that masked a politically and economically corrupt society. The Gilded Age was a time of corporate excesses and income inequality in the(...)

a period marked by cold temperatures and glacial advances (see Chapter 3)

An alphabetical list of terms or words found in or relating to a specific subject, text, or dialect, with explanations; a brief dictionary.

seat coat

clam shells derived from the Gulf of California used to make Hohokam and Mogollon "armlets"

a decorative bar-like ornament worn at the throat; found in Hopewell and Mississippian contexts; often made from shell Spiro Mound gorget

Structural rules of language.

Grant Chapel African Methodist Episcopal Church was the first black church in New Mexico.

Chimpanzee practice of placing a blade of grass in the ear, suggested to be a learned or cultural tradition

Items intentionally placed in a burial.

items associated with a burial

a road marked by two earthen berms between two major Hopewell centers, Newark and Cillecothe in Ohio; remnants of the road were discovered using early aerial photographs and LiDar

large structures associated with Chaco Canyon

debate over whether the Moundbuilders of North America were a "lost race" that disappeared or whether they were the ancestors of modern-day Native Americans; early excavations linked the Moundbuilders with modern tribes through examination of material culture

Due to the uprisings in New Mexico, the rebellious fervor also spread to the New Spanish northern frontier, igniting a series of raids by the nomadic people of northern Mexico.

Patterson was the Democratic delegate to the 1910 New Mexico Constitutional Convention from Chaves County. During the deliberations, he was offended by a comment made by Albert Fall and he subsequently stormed out of the convention. When the final version of the Constitution was completed,(...)

Longtime member of "La Corporación de Abiquiú," Gregorita Aguilar apprised Reis López Tijerina of the historical roots of the struggle over the Tierra Amarilla Land Grant. 

Translated as "the cry of Dolores," the Grito marked the beginning of Father Hidalgo's independence movement in 1810. His parishioners, most of whom were of indigenous background, rallied behind banners of la Virgin de Guadalupe and called for an end to bad government and "death to the gachupines!"

Is said to occur when, after discussion, the attitudes held by the individual group members become more extreme than they were before the group began discussing the topic.

The events that occur while the group is working together on the task.

Occurs when a group that is made up of members who may actually be very competent and thus quite capable of making excellent decisions nevertheless ends up making a poor one as a result of a flawed group process and strong conformity pressures.

A principal island in the Solomon Islands which was used as the first major offensive by Allied forces against Japan during World War II. Guadalcanal, Florida, and Tulagi were taken by Allied forces and Japan retaliated with three major land battles, seven large naval battles, and daily aerial(...)

As a proponent of Land Grant rights for Mexicans in Texas and New Mexico, Miranda fought for Hispanic Mexicans living in the U.S. Territory who wanted to remain Mexican citizens. 

An island in the Bahamas that was the first the first New World land sighted and visited by Christopher Columbus in 1492. He called it San Salvador.

Maya civil calendar of 365 days

a site where people lived, in contrast to a kill site or ritual center

This well-known Japanese form is three lines long and comprised of unrhymed, unmetered lines with a 5 7 5 syllable count. Traditionally, the haiku’s subject matter relates to nature or seasons.

A formatting style for citations in both MLA and APA reference pages in which   every line except the first is a half-inch away from the left margin.

German and American physicist whose research on critical mass of nuclear weapons and theories of implosion which led to the development of the Trinity test bomb and the "Fat Boy" atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki Japan in 1945.

That harming others, either physically or by violating their rights, is wrong

U.S. Secretary of the Interior under Franklin Roosevelt, Ickes is credited with implementing many of the initiatives of Roosevelt's "New Deal." 

The "hook gun," an early muzzle-loaded firearm used by Spanish conquistadores in the New World. It was the predecessor of the musket and other modern rifles.

Truman served as the 33rd U.S. President and is largely remembered for bringing an end to World War II with Japan's surrender. He ended the war by dropping the atomic bomb on two Japanese cities. He is also known for his "the buck stops here" leadership attitude.   

A case in which a social dilemma leads people to overuse an existing public good.

Female wait staff for Fred Harvey Restaurants, known for impeccable dress, manner and morals.   

One of the largest Zuni pueblos during the time of Spanish colonization. It was also the first pueblo to be conquered by the Spanish during Coronado's expedition.

Received the Zimmerman Telegram in 1917 during his time as Resident Minister for the German Empire in Mexico.  

Much like other Anglo Americans of his day, not long after he moved to Mexico in 1828 he married a woman from Chihuahua and started a family there. Those types of connections helped him to understand the region and its people. In the early 1840s he relocated his family to Peralta, less that(...)

Sibley was a Brigadier General for the Confederacy. Sibley lead the Confederate States Army in the New Mexico territory and lost the Battle of Glorieta to General Scurry. 

Appointed by President Taft as U.S. Ambassador to Mexico during the Mexican Revolution, Wilson was allegedly involved in a coup d'etat of the Mexican government in 1913.  

The father of Portuguese exploration, Henry was largely responsible for expanding Portuguese knowledge of the Atlantic and Africa through systematic exploration.

Bolton is considered as the father of the field of Borderlands History. His work in the 1920s and 1930s drew attention to the history of Spanish colonialism in the U.S. Southwest. Although his perspective was generally limited to a celebratory look at the efforts of Spanish explorers, priests,(...)

17th Governor of the New Mexico Territory (1906-07) and Commissioner to the Navajos under the Department of Interior.   

Wright is a former Civil Rights Activist and active NAACP member, noted for his 1960 debate with Malcolm X at Yale Law School.

A Spanish conquistador widely known for his exploits in Mexico, toppling the Aztec Empire and bringing much of the region under Spanish rule.

Discovery procedures that help a writer explore their ideas; for example, the Pentad.

A six-foot line. Also called Alexandrine when purely iambic.

A member of the Spanish nobility. They were typically exempt from paying taxes but owned little property. The term is used to describe a member of the non-hereditary elite because it comes from the phrase "hijo de algo," which means "son of something."

The tendency to think that we could have predicted something that we probably would not have been able to predict.

Caribbean Island that contains modern day Dominican Republic and Haiti, also the site of Columbus's first invasion of the New World.

Traditional Navajo dwelling usually constructed out of natural material, circular in shape, and with an always eastward facing door towards the rising sun.

The Hohokam migrated north out of Mexico into the Southwest, where they became the most skillful irrigation farmers of the region.

An approach in anthropology that considers many different aspects of humanity instead of focusing on a single feature

emphasizing the importance of the whole. Anthropologists are interested in all aspects of humanity, and thus take a holistic approach to the study of people (see Chapter 1)

The Earth's current geological epoch that began roughly 11,000 years ago, marked by the spread of human activity across the planet.

A period of time called an epoch that began after the end of the Pleistocene about 11,700 years ago

Constructed during the U.S. Depression of the 1930's, Hoover Dam, on the Colorado River in Nevada/Arizona, was designed to withhold flood, provide irrigation and produce hydroelectric power for the desert southwest. 

refers to a large network of trade an exchange with a similar belief system; located in what is now the eastern United States; (ca. 100 BC-AD 500)

A sandstone structure located on the South Rim of the Grand Canyon designed by architect Mary Coulter. The building was home for Hopi artisans and craftspeople to market their ware.   

Gardening using mostly human power and simple tools

in Quechua, a native language of South America, a revered monument or object; can be natural or cultural

adobe brick monument at the Cerro Blanco Moche site, Peru Huaca del Sol

Hubert Howe Bancroft was an American historian and ethnologist who wrote works concerning the western United States, Texas, California, Alaska, Mexico, Central America, and British Columbia.

McLeod was a soldier and member of legislature in the Republic of Texas. He also commanded the military during the Texas Santa Fe Expedition in 1841.

An international projects that mapped out the human genome.

International project that mapped out the human genome, the full set of nucleoltide base pairs. The project was completed in 2000.

human bones, teeth and other tissues (see Chapter 2)

Ritual practices conducted in pre-Columbian Mesoamerican civilizations. The Aztecs often sacrificed prisoners of war from neighboring tribes as offerings to the gods.

Disciplines interested in explanations about particular human societies often through description and critique

Established by the New Mexico Game Commission, and managed by the Department of Game and Fish. The area is a consolidation of five tracts of land in north central New Mexico around Tierra Amarilla and provides wildlife habitat for elk, deer, black bears, and other wildlife. 

people that live off wild, non-domesticated food; also called foragers (see Chapter 3)

Foraging; reliance on wild foods

Attempting to increase animal numbers or aid in the hunt using magic.

idea that representations of animals can magically increase animal populations or assist in hunting them

relying on diffusionist ideas (spreading out from a single locus) on a grand scale

An exaggerated statement.

˘ ΄ A light stress followed by a heavy stress.

Europe's third largest peninsula located in the continent's southwest, dominated by Spain and Portugal, and previously occupied by the Romans, Goths, and Islamic Empire.

Europe's earliest natural mummy; found in the Tyrolean Alps of Italy (see Chapter 2)

Ideas about how people should think and behave.

belief system or world view

Orrantía was a U.S. Deputy Marshal for Doña Ana County in the 1860s. Following the electoral violence in Mesilla in 1871, with Fabián Gonzales he led a group of ninety-six families to settle La Ascensión, Chihuahua.

A mental picture, what we see with the mind’s eye.

A description that appeals to one of the five senses.

A 20th century movement in poetry advocating free verse and the expression of ideas and emotions through clear precise images

A line in a poem that breaks from an established pattern altogether.

means in place (see Chapter 2)

The Apache word for their own people.

when technological innovations happen independently in different regions; contrast with diffusion, where traits spread from one region to another

The situation that is created by the experimenter through the experimental manipulations.

The Wheeler-Howard Act, or Indian Reorganization Act, of 1934 was the key legislation that created the Indian New Deal. Most significantly, the act reversed federal policies of assimilation and allowed for tribal self-determination.

The Spanish labeled tribes like the Apaches, Utes, and Navajos as "Barbaric Indians" due to their nomadic/semi-nomadic lifestyle, non-Christian beliefs, and often hostility towards the Spanish.

"Rescued" Native Americans subjected to fifteen or twenty years of service to their "liberators." The Spanish justified this claiming they were doing the natives a favor by "freeing" them from captivity and educating them in "civilized" culture and Christian teachings.

Cultural norms, common in Western societies, that focus primarily on self-enhancement and independence.

The consideration of a number of results and forming a generalization based on those results.

Reliance on huge farms, single crops, chemical inputs (fertilizer/pestisides), large scale production of meat

The change in opinions or behavior that occurs when we conform to people whom we believe have accurate information.

Informs or instructs and presents details of events, activities, individuals, or conditions without analysis.

Those whom we view as being similar and important to us and with whom we share close social connections.

The tendency to respond more positively to people from our ingroups than we do to people from outgroups.

A procedure used in the government in which voters propose a new measure of legislation.  

A premier mountain resort in the mountains of Mescalero, New Mexico, outside of Ruidoso. 

Aggression that is intentional and planned.

When the social situation actually causes our behavior, but we do not realize that the social situation was the cause.

Kalahari forager tradition of calling the meat worthless to keep the hunter humble

A solution can be found that benefits all the parties.

Using a small area of land with increased labor or technology inputs

Farming with the use of animal labor, plow, fertilizers, irrigation or terracing

warming trend between glacial periods during the Pleistocene (see Chapter 3)

People relying to a great degree on each other to meet their goals.

Lines of poetry in which words in the middle of a line rhyme with words at the end of other lines.

The confidence with which we can draw conclusions about the causal relationship between the variables.

The strength of our liking or loving for another person.

inside of a structure/building

Frames a writer's paper by introducing the issue at hand, establishes the writer's position, and identifies the writer's scope of coverage.

At the first Battle of Mesilla, during the U.S. Civil War, Lynde was the recipient of information from a Confederate deserter about a surprise attack from the Confederates.  

Creation dialogue about a topic during the early analysis stage that focuses on the most extreme positions then moving towards more reasonable compromises. 

A poem consisting of four lines written in iambic pentameter and rhyme A B B A.

A period of cultural and scientific revival in Italy starting in the 14th Century, led to the eventual European Renaissance.

Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI). Under his directorship, the FBI became an autonomous federal agency that willingly participated in illegal investigation methods.  

One of the team of physicists who were tasked by President Franklin Roosevelt to being the nuclear program in the U.S. during W.W. II. The team worked on the Manhattan Project, in Los Alamos, New Mexico which eventually developed the first nuclear bomb. The bomb was initially tested at the(...)

Morgan gained prominence among the Navajo people for his efforts to resist John Collier's livestock reduction program during the Indian New Deal. To undermine Collier's efforts, Morgan enlisted the help of Senator Dennis Chávez.

Buchanan served as the 15th U.S. President. Historians suggest that Buchanan was responsible for American Civil War by not addressing the southern state succession from the Union. 

Despite the decision of the binational Boundary Commision, in 1853 Mexian officials forced Americans off of their lands in the disputed Mesilla Valley. As a result, New Mexico governor William Lane declared the area to be part of the United States; Mexican President Santa Anna responded by(...)

General James H. Carleton arrived in New Mexico in 1861 at the head of the California Column. He succeeded Colonel Canby as commander of the Department of New Mexico. In that capacity, he targeted the Mescalero Apache and Navajo people for forced relocation to the ill-planned Bosque Redondo.

Union Army veteran James J. Dolan built a commercial enterprise, L. G. Murphy & Co., with Emil Fritz and Lawerence G. Murphy.  

Polk served as U.S. President during the U.S.-Mexican War. By the end of his four year presidency, he had added 1.2 million acres of land to the United States.

Magoffin was a successful American merchant in Coahuila and Chihuahua in the 1830s. He had married into a prominent northern Mexican family, providing him with important connections to powerful people in the region. In the early 1840s he relocated his business to Missouri and continued to(...)

James Peter Davis served as Archbishop of Santa Fe from 1964-1974 after being appointed by Pope Paul VI.

As the first bishop and archbishop of the Diocese of Santa Fe, Lamy's tenure was filled with conflict with the local parish priests and parishioners specifically Taos priest Father Antonio José Martínez. The initial conflict resulted when Lamy reinstated tithing for parishioners, something(...)

French trader, soldier, and explorer who was one of the two survivors of the ill-fated French colony of Fort Saint Louis in Texas.

Jackson was an American Civil Rights leader, and one time associate of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Reverend Jackson organized grassroots movements, such as Operation PUSH and the Rainbow Coalition.

Alfau was a cartoonist from Madrid who created patriotic pieces in support of U.S. involvement in World War I. Her work played a role in rehabilitating the image of Spain among Americans.   

Alarid (1834-1917) was a well-known bardo, or people's poet, and teacher who lived in the village of Galisteo. As a notable bardo, he published regularly in New Mexico's Spanish-language press during the territorial period.   

Tafoya issued a declaration throughout Rio Arriba that called nuevomexicanos to arms against the U.S. occupation under Colonel Sterling Price in January of 1847. Price learned of the insurrection and led 353 men northward to combat Tafoya's forces at the Battle of La Cañada. Tafoya was killed(...)

Jesusita Perrault was born in Chihuahua in 1888. When she was young, her family moved to Silver City, New Mexico. After attending the Silver City Normal School and becoming a teacher, she also became involved in Grant County politics. Between 1921 and 1923 she served as county assessor. In(...)

An approach to learning in which students from different racial or ethnic groups work together, in an interdependent way, to master material.

A system of segregation and discrimination, which lasted until the mid 20th Century, which barred African Americans from the same civil rights and freedoms as white Americans.

A tax levied on the Islamic Empire's non-Islamic subjects, particularly adult men of military age. The purpose was for the subjects to show their acceptance of their Islamic rulers. In return, they were allowed to practice their faiths and retain communal autonomy.

Joaqín Terrazas was a well-known Apache fighter in Chihuahua in the mid-to-late nineteenth century. His cousin, Governor Luis Terrazas, called him out of retirement to lead the effort to subdue Victorio's band in 1879 and 1880.

Sando is an accomplished Pueblo historian and author and former director of Institute for Pueblo Indian Studies in Albuquerque, New Mexico.

The Slaughter Brothers were Texas cattlemen who ranched the West from Utah, to New Mexico, and Texas.

As an explorer with the U.S. Topographical Engineers, Frémont traveled west on a mapping expedition to the border of Mexico and California in 1846. He discovered many californios who wanted California, or the Bear Flag Republic, to join the United States. Frémont declared himself a commander(...)

John Collier was one of the "romantic reformers" drawn to New Mexico in the 1920s by the perception that its people practiced pre-modern lifeways. He was enthralled with the people of Taos Pueblo, and their economic and political situation inspired him to advocate for Native American(...)

Frere realized, based on excavations at Suffolk, England, that archaeological remains were older than previously thought, beyond early Biblical estimates (see Chapter 1)

British born rancher and merchant, Tunstall lived in Lincoln County, New Mexico. His murder ignited the Lincoln County War, a war to win the dry goods trade in the county. Billy the Kid also participated in this New Mexico range war. 

General Pershing led the Punitive Expedition into Chihuahua in 1916 and 1917 in search of Pancho Villa following his raid on Columbus. Although the expedition failed to capture Villa, the experience offered a means for the U.S. Military to prepare for its subsequent involvement in World War I(...)

Chivingon led Colorado Volunteers to support Union forces at the Battle of Glorieta Pass in late March of 1862. With Lieutenant Major Manuel Chávez as his guide, Chivington's forces captured the Confederate supply train and forced the Confederate soldiers into retreat. On November 29, 1864,(...)

  In 1848 as Military Governor of New Mexico, Washington was tasked with settling the war between the Navajo people and the United States.    

Military Governor of New Mexico Territory 1849- 1851. Historians define his tenure as unprincipled and out of touch with the realities of the western frontier.   

A vice president serving under Franklin Roosevelt, Garner was politically opposed to Roosevelt's New Deal efforts and resigned the position in 1941.   

Slough was a Union Colonel who lead the Union in the Battle of Glorieta Pass in which the Union soldiers defeated the Confederacy. Slough later became an Army Brigadier General who served as a chief justice in the Territory of New Mexico. He was assassinated by a member of the territorial(...)

After the Treaty of Guadalupe, in which Mexico ceded to Texas, Arizona, and California to the U.S., Bartlett was appointed U.S Boundary Commissioner in charge of documenting the boundaries. As it happened, Bartlett incorrectly marked the boundaries of New Mexico and Texas, which resulted in(...)

Slidell was a United States agent to Mexico, before the U.S.-Mexican War, who was tasked to negotiate and establish the Rio Grande River as the boundary between Mexico and the Territory of New Mexico. Failed negotiations partially led to the U.S.-Mexican War.

Talberth was the leader of the Forest Guardians, an environmental group located in Santa Fe. The mission of the group was to protect the Northern New Mexico forests from over-logging and destruction.

Tyler served as the tenth U.S. President and signed legislation to annex Texas into the union.

The designation of property, held by one spouse (historically the husband) and jointly used by both spouses, to be provided to the other spouse (historically the wife) in the event of the death of the spouse holding the property.  

Dead Man's Journey: a 90-mile passage across an arid desert east of the Rio Grande between present-day Rincon and San Marcial. Travelers going to Santa Fe from Mexico used it as a shortcut, but it lacked water or grazing pasture.

Leading Mexican politician to favor Texas Independance and Texas Statehood. He served as a Texas State legislator to represent the rights of the Tejanos after Texas Independence.  

  One of the most prolific and influential santeros during the time of New Mexico's religious revival during the 18th and 19th centuries.  

Clerk of the Supreme Court and State Delegate during New Mexico's bid for Statehood.

A lawyer and Spanish colonial official who was one of the leading proponents behind the Bourbon Reforms. Was also an inspection officer for the frontier defenses in northern New Spain.

The election contest between Republican José Francisco Chaves and Democrat José Manuel Gallegos sparked the 1871 riot in Mesilla that left nine people dead. Gallegos ultimately won the election to become the New Mexico Delegate to Congress, and many of the Republican supporters of Chaves(...)

Mexican Revolutionary General José Inez Salazar was imprisoned in Albuquerque for a violation of U.S. neutrality laws when he crossed the border to escape a villista assault during the Battle of Ojinaga in 1914. Elfego Baca served as he lawyer and was implicated for aiding Salazar's escape(...)

José de Jesús Cabeza de Baca is known as a schism in the New Mexican Catholic Church. In 1819 he was baptized into the Church and in 1853 Baca had signed some sacramental entries in the books at San Albino. By 1854 Baca had taken over the ministry at San Albino Catholic Church.  

Elected as president of the Republic of Mexico after Santa Ana was exiled to Cuba. Herrera was a more moderate political voice than the militarists. At the onset of the Mexican American War Herrera attempted to negotiate with the U.S. Perceived as weak, he was ousted in a military coup.

New Mexico Territory delegate to the U.S. Congress.   

Governor of Sonora during the Mexican Revolution, his allegiances to national revolutionary leaders constantly shifted.

Catholic priest who joined Miguel Hidalgo's 1810 insurrection. Morelos later became the leader of the Mexican Independence Movement and declared Mexico as independent in 1815. 

One of prominent Taos resident Francisco Esteban Jaramillo, at the age of 14 Josefa married Kit Carson. In order to gain her father's trust, Carson converted to Catholicism. Together, the couple had eight children. She died of complications after giving birth to her eighth child in late April(...)

A grandson of the legendary Chiricahua headman Geronimo, Joseph Geronimo led the opposition to Wendell Chino's proposal to bring nuclear waste to Mescalero lands in the early 1990s.

West was a U.S. Senator from Louisiana, a Civil War general, and he commanded the army which killed Apache Chief Mangas Coloradas at Fort McLane in southwest New Mexico.  

Stalin was a Russian dictator who transformed the USSR, through violence and terror, from an agrarian/peasant society to a military and industrial powerhouse.  

Gregg was a nineteenth century merchant and explorer who was involved with the Santa Fe Trade. HIs book, "Commerce of the Prairies," is an important primary source that tells the story of the social, political, and economic impacts of the trade. As with so many other primary sources, Gregg's(...)

Archuleta built a military career in New Mexico between 1820 and 1850 by leading campaigns against Ute and Navajo people, as well as by organizing militias to defend outlying settlements like Abiquiú. He also played an instrumental role in the capture of the members of the Texan-Santa Fe(...)

The governor of New Mexico between 1778 and 1788, tasked with building an alliance with the Comanche Indians. In 1779, he succeeded in establishing peace with the Comanches; in 1786 the peace arrangement was also extended to Navajo and Ute tribes. 

Vigil was the last Mexican Governor of the New Mexico after the defeat of the Mexican Army to the United States. In 1846, possession of New Mexico was turned over the the United States. 

A Hopi Indian found in possession of a Kachina doll and accused of idol worshipping, punished by heavy beatings.

A Spanish soldier who served with distinction and eventually became the 4th governor of New Mexico. During his time in office, he led military campaigns against the Apache tribes and took many members into slavery.

A Spanish explorer who led multiple expeditions into the Colorado Valley and Great Plains, also ruled as governor of the Santa Fe de Nuevo México Province. He put down the Acoma Revolt in 1598.

Ulibarrí was one of Albuquerque's founders who later claimed the territory of Colorado for the Spanish crown.

Zaldívar was Juan de Oñate's nephew. After his death at Acoma Pueblo, his killing escalated to the Acoma Massacre.

The first bishop of Mexico who championed for the welfare of the natives.

Late 19th century union organizer for the Knights of Labor near San Miguel County, New Mexico and one of the founders of Las Gorras Blancas "The White Caps". Herrera supported indigenous groups, by being a voice for the poor and underrepresented Spanish speaking New Mexicans. 

One of the most prolific and influential santeros during the time of New Mexico's religious revival during the 18th and 19th centuries.

Pio was a priest of Tesuque Pueblo in the 17th century. His murder by the people of Tesuque sparked the Pueblo Revolt.

Conclusions drawn from the given facts; they are more credible than options

Juh (pronounced "whoa") was the leader of the Janeros local group of the Nednhi, and he collaborated with Mangas Coloradas and Cochise in many wars against the U.S. Army. Following the execution of Mangas Coloradas, he led his band to their traditional home in the Blue Mountains of Chihuahua's(...)

A U.S. Senator from Michigan, who is cited as being the person responsible for New Mexico's long path to statehood.   

The theory where wars can be morally justified if they meet certain criteria, such as preventing atrocities that would otherwise happen in the absence of war. For the Spanish, moral justification came from the Catholic Church.

Spirit beings in western Pueblo religious beliefs that represent natural and social phenomenons like rain, harvest, and medicine. Also spelled katsinas or catsinas.

A bonbo chimpanzee taught to communicate using lexigrams.

A three-line poem with the syllable count 5 7 7, the first line posing a question that the next two lines attempt to answer in an intuitive, immediate way.

Puebloan ancestor spirit

Kaytennae was a Chiricahua Apache who joined with Victorio's band during campaign to remain free of reservation life in 1879 and 1880. One of those who escaped the battle at Tres Castillos, Kaytennae later married Gouyen, known among the Chiricahua for her wisdom. In the early 1880s Kaytennae(...)

The laws of the Territory of New Mexico, set forth by Brigadier General Stephen Kearny, outlining the principle of freedom and liberty for the citizens of the territory. 

Kenneth Bainbridge was an American physicist at Harvard University. He was the director of the Manhattan Project's Trinity nuclear test in 1945. After the test he dedicated his career to ending the testing of nuclear weapons and to efforts to maintain civilian control of future .developments(...)

skeleton radiocarbon dated to 9,600 B.P. in Washington state; is the center of a long-standing NAGPRA controversy

A group of languages spoken by the Keres pueblo people of New Mexico containing a wide variety of dialects that are often discerned as different languages.

A word which occurs in a text more often than we would expect to occur by chance alone.

Daughter of Vice President Spiro Agnew, Kim rode horses in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains with a group of Pueblo people to promote the return of Blue Lake to the people of Taos Pueblo. 

Strategies that favor the reproductive success of one’s relatives, sometimes even at a cost to the individual’s own survival.

A nomadic Native American tribe of the Plains. 

Located in Albuquerque, New Mexico, Kirtland Base played a role in training pilots and bombardiers during World War II. Kirtland also served as the airbase to provide Manhattan Project personnel with needed supplies and materials to build the atomic bomb.   

semi-subterranean (partially underground) ceremonial structure of the American Southwest

German physicist Klaus Fuchs joined the Communist Party of Germany but fled to England when Nazis took control on Germany in 1933. Professor Max Born of Edinburgh University helped get Fuchs out of an internment camp in Quebec. In 1943, Fuchs was sent to the U.S. to collaborate on the(...)

Established as a secret union in 1869, the Knights accepted members for the union regardless of occupation, sex, or ethnic background. During the Haymarket Riots in Chicago, the Knights participated in the strikes, much to the dismay of their organizer Terence V. Powderl.  

A western lowland gorilla that was taught to use some signs in American Sign Language.

Kuaua is a historic site open to the public to view. Currently with the name of Coronado, this was one of many large settlements established during the period of the 1325 to 1600 CE.

shorthand for thousands of years ago (see Chapter 2)

Appointed as a Governor of the New Mexico territory, Prince was also a leading member of the Santa Fe Ring.  

Formed in 1969, the cooperative addressed and worked to improve the economic, medical, educational and agricultural conditions of the Tierra Amarilla citizens in northern New Mexico. 

In the 1930s, heirs to the Tierra Amarilla Land Grant organized La Corporación de Abiquíu in order to raise funds and fight for the return of grant lands in the New Mexico courts. Through La Corporación, the heirs attempted to work through the legal system to achieve the ends that Las Gorras(...)

site in France with evidence of Neanderthal burial; skeletons are oriented east-west and are articulated La Ferrassie

Known as "The Black Hand", this underground group was alleged to have killed and repressed members of the anarchy groups organized in rural Spain. In New Mexico history, groups of the Tierra Amarilla land grant activists used this moniker when fighting private ranchers and businesses for land(...)

Established in 1970, the "United Race Party" worked for better socio-economic, educational, and working conditions for Mexican Americans.

The ability to digest lactose into adulthood as a result of natural selection. 

New Mexico's largest Keresan speaking pueblo, today its population is more than 7,000.

While the identity of the Santero is unknown, the surviving altar screen, retablo mayor is located on the Pueblo of Laguna. Many retablo mayor throughout New Mexico have been attributed to this artist. 

Typical in common law systems, land tenure provides a ruler the right to own the land, while the private owner is the renter or sub renter. In native tribe, the notion of land tenure did not exist. However, in negotiating indigenous treaties, Europeans used the term aboriginal tenure to grant(...)

Also called the voice-box; where the vocal cords are housed.

A Pleistocene cave in France with numerous ice animal paintings.

secondary wood support beams in a structure vigas and latillas

Old West businessman and gunslinger, Murphy was prominent in the Lincoln County War and documented as the instigator of fights between corrupt businessmen and local ranchers during that period. 

Drafted in Burgos, Spain, this set of laws forbade the maltreatment of indigenous peoples of the New World and encouraged their conversion to Catholicism.

A set of laws issued by the Spanish Empire concerning settler-native relations in the Americas and Philippines.

In an academic essay, an opening, usually located in the introduction, that hooks the reader into wanting to read further.

People who have extremely negative attributional styles, in which they continually make external, stable, and global attributions for their behavior.

The relatively permanent change in knowledge that is acquired through experience.

An entity that has legal rights and obligations

lenticular (biconvex) shaped deposits; lenses were found inside Monks Mound representing basketloads of earth

Szilárd was a Hungarian-American physicist who garnered President Roosevelt's support for atomic bomb research and development, which became the Manhattan Project . 

Lieutenant General Leslie Richard Groves, Jr. oversaw the construction of the Pentagon and directed the Manhattan Project. After nuclear weapon responsibility shifted to the United States Atomic Energy Commission in 1947, Groves headed the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project.  

System where a brother steps in and marries his brother’s widow.

an influential American archaeologist who created the New Archaeology of the 1960s which sought to make archaeology more scientific

Symbols representing ideas and objects used by Kanzi , a bonobo chimpanzee.

"Purity of blood" claimed by many Spaniards, especially nobleman, indicating that they came from a strictly Christian lineage without Jewish or Muslim ancestry.

Field of anthropology interested in human language

a horizontal block found over a doorway, window or fireplace. Wood lintels above doorways were dated using dendrochronology at Chaco Canyon sites

Section of the Llano Estacado in east-central and southeastern New Mexico that shares cultural ties with west Texas. Texan cattlemen moved into the region in the late 1800s, and Texan oil companies dominated the region’s economy during the first half of the twentieth century.

In Mexico during the 1920s, Tireman closely observed the post-revolutionary government's attempt to establish cultural missions in rural areas to provide education and other training to indigenous people. With the support of Mary Austin, Tireman established the San José Experimental School in(...)

Words infused with negative associations.

Chief of the Warm Springs Apache tribe, who travelled to Washington D.C. to talk of negotiation. During the travel back, he was captured and held at Ft. Levenworth and eventually sent to Florida as a prisoner of war. 

Appeals to reason, logic, and facts in an argument. In a rhetorical situation, it is the appeal most closely associated with the message.

Maya system of tracking long periods of time from a base date; similar to the A.D. system

refers to the highly decorated burial remains of the Moche culture. The tomb included the regalia of an elite male with objects of gold, silver, and copper. He is thought to represent a figure engaged in a human sacrifice ritual depicted on Moche pottery.

Maya king burial in the Temple of Inscriptions at Palenque Lord Pacal's jade mask

Translated as "the heroic cadets" or "boy heros", during the Mexican American War six teenage Mexican cadets died defending the Chapultepec Castle in Mexico City against the U.S. Army in the Mexican American War.   

The King of France who ruled from 1643 until his death in 1715. His 72-year reign makes him the longest-serving monarch in Europe. Under his rule, France undertook massive colonization endeavors, claiming lands in the Americas and Africa. 

In 1803, the U.S. purchased 828,000,000 acres of land from France. The Louisiana Purchase effectively increased the geography of the United States two-fold. The purchase was delineated by the Mississippi River to the east, the Rocky Mountains to the west, Canadian border to the north, and(...)

During the mid 1880s Maxwell was one of the largest private landholders in the United States. Additionally, Billy the Kid was killed by Pat Garrett at Maxwell's Fort Sumner home

Rosas served as the ninth governor of New Mexico. His disagreements with the local populace led to his assassination in 1641.

Tupatú was a Pueblo leader who negotiated a peace settlement with Diego de Vargas between the Natives and Spaniards in New Mexico. He was subsequently appointed governor of all thirteen pueblos.

President of Mexico (1970-1976) who nationalized the mining and electrical industries, imposed limits on foreign investment, and doubled the population covered by social security. Unfortunately, such measures were meant in part to cover up the Dirty War that his administration waged on the(...)

Terrazas was a wealthy Mexican businessman, landowner, politician and entrepreneur who was Governor of Chihuahua on various occasions between 1858 and 1903.

Influential and wealthy patron of early 20th century writers and artists, Luhan hosted the artists and literary giants of the day at her home in Taos. The group became the Taos Art Colony. 

a form of artificial intelligence where a computer learns from data and improves its responses over time.

System of causation or transformation that does not adhere to naturalistic causes.

A large grain plant first domesticated by prehistoric native Americans. Today it is one of the world's most vital crops, also known as corn.

Occurs when the beliefs held by the larger number of individuals in the current social group prevail.

When men provide care and protection for their children.

Aside from referring to Cortés' Aztec lover (see Malintzin), the term is also often used in Mexican Spanish to call someone a traitor.

Also known as Malinche, an Aztec woman who was an interpreter, advisor, and lover for Hernán Cortés. She later gave birth to Cortés' first son, Martin, considered today to be one of the first Mestizos. 

A kind of force that can inhabit people and things common in the South Pacific.

Used frequently in politics, mandate referred to the granting of representation of a group to another group based on a majority vote or majority voice.  

An Apache headman who was instrumental in uniting the various Chiricahua Apache bands prior to the U.S.-Mexican War.  

An Anglo-centric ideal that freedom and democracy should be spread across a country or continent even if it meant displacing natives from their territory. This ideal, in the U.S.,started the large population of settlers moving to the west in the 1880s and was a prelude to the U.S.-Mexican War. 

A grinding stone used to process corn usually used in combination with a larger stone called the "metate."

Archuleta was a co-founder of the Raza Unida Party (RUP) in New Mexico along with José Peña in 1971. As an undergraduate at New Mexico Highlands University, Archuleta studied the political ideas of Daniel de Leon, founder of the Socialist Labor Party. He applied his political research to his(...)

Manuel Armijo was born in 1793 to a prominent Albuquerque family. He served as alcalde (mayor) of Albuquerque on several occasions in the 1820s. During his tenure as alcalde, he led an expedition against Apaches. In 1827 he began his first term as governor of New Mexico. He also maintained a(...)

A leading member of one of the most politically and economically powerful nuevomexicano families, Baca served as probate judge in San Miguel County during the time frame in which Las Gorras Blancas were most active. He denounced their movement and supported the forces of modernization. In 1892(...)

Lieutenant Major Chávez served as guide for Major Chivington of the Colorado Volunteers during the Battle of Glorieta Pass. Chávez and Chivington happened upon and captured the Confederate supply chain. Deprived of supplies, the Confederate Army was forced to retreat to El Paso.

One of the insurgent leaders during the Taos Revolt 1847. 

  Peña y Peña was President of Mexico during the period in which the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was ratified. He supported the treaty because he believed that to reject it would place Mexico at risk for renewed war with the United States. His central concern, however, was to protect the(...)

Navajo headman Manuelito strongly resisted the encroachments of the U.S. Army on Diné lands. He led efforts to resist the campaign to force his people to the Bosque Redondo, and he was one of the last to submit himself and his band to the Long Walk.

Marcos de Niza was a Franciscan friar who journeyed through the Americas, claiming to have seen one of the Seven Cities of Cibola. His testimony sparked the Coronado Expedition.

Baca was active in the women's suffrage movement and politics in New Mexico. She was one of the first women to hold a state-level position of political prominence, serving as Secretary of State from 1930 to 1934.

A native of San Antonio, María Gertrudís Váldez de Veremendi was a widow when she met James Magoffin in Saltillo in 1834. The couple married in 1834; her social prominence helped Magoffin to make vital business connections throughout northern Mexico.

María was born and raised in Chicago to a Mexican immigrant father and an Irish-American mother. Following her graduation with a degree in Secondary Education from Alverno College in 1961, she traveled to Alabama to participate in the actions of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee in(...)

Salas was the Mexican General of the Alamo who also served as 16th President of Mexico for a few months, subsequently turning the position over to Santa Anna. Prior to becoming the President, Salas was exiled due to his support of Santa Anna. 

Marcus "Mark" A. Smith served for eight consecutive terms as the Territorial Delegate to Congress from the Arizona Territory. In the first decade of the twentieth century, he became a vocal opponent of the jointure proposal.

A test for visual self-recognition using a mirror and a mark on the body

Spanish nobleman and military official tasked by Carlos III to inspect the northern frontier defenses of the Spanish colonies in the Americas.

A societal custom where a married couple lives with or near the wife's parents.

Van Buren served as the eighth U.S. President. In an attempt to resolve the hostilities between the U.S. and Mexico, Van Buren denied Texas' request to join the United States. 

Born in 1868, Mary Austin was one of the most prominent women writers of the Southwest. Her most famous works include "The Land of Little Rain" and Taos Pueblo," both of which included photographs by Ansel Adams in editions published in 1950. Through her novels, poetry, and short stories,(...)

Mary Colter was a renowned architect, most famous for her work on Hopi House at the Grand Canyon.

McPherson was the mother of Ada Morley. Although she lived in Iowa, she kept track of the political situation in Colfax County through her daughter and son-in-law. Ada's attempt to intercept her letter that denounced the actions of members of the Santa Fe Ring sparked violence in the county.(...)

physical traces of the past (see Chapter 1)

A system where descent is based on the mother's family line.

A societal custom where a married couple lives with or near the wife's parents.

Quay was a Senator from Pennsylvania who promoted greater protection for the African-American civil rights movement.  

Corredor was a Tarahumara man who served with Joaquín Terrazas' forces during the assault on Tres Castillos in 1880. When the dust settled following the battle that fall, Corredor received credit for killing Chiricahua headman Victorio.

The most distinguished Hispanic Rough Rider during the Spanish American War  

Governor Armijo made a land grant for two entrepreneurs, Miranda and Beaubien. The local Taos pueblos leaders considered the grant illegal due to historically native grazing and farming land. This land passed back and forth between locals and foreigners causing mistrust of government and(...)

An overseer who directs communal water allocation with the acequias

Helping to create compromise by using third-party negotiation.

Derived from the Greek word "megas" meaning large and the Latin word "fauna" meaning animal, the term refers to overly large animals.

large animals that characterized the Pleistocene (see Chapter 3)

Ocampo was a contemporary of Benito Juarez. During Ocampo's appointment as the Minister of the Interior, he drafted Reform Laws which resulted in the separation of church and state in Mexico.

Are the relevant traits, skills, or abilities of the individual group members.

Formerly know as the Pueblo Training School run by the Presbyterian church under a contract with the U.S. Government. After the school contract was ended by the Commission on Indian Affairs, the Presbyters then purchased the land surrounding the current location, started a boarding school and(...)

The economic theory used in Europe between the 16th and 18th Centuries that suggested limited availability of wealth in the world. It was a large contributing factor in military expansion, augmentation of state power, and overseas expansion for European powers.

Mercedario is the Spanish term for land grant heir.

The tendency to prefer stimuli (including, but not limited to, people) that we have seen frequently.

This massive cliff dwelling was home to the Ancestral Puebloan subsistence farmers from 600 to 1300 CE.

A region extending from Mexico to Central America that was the home of several pre-columbian cultures, most notably Aztec and Maya.

area from central Mexico through Central America, the Classic Maya and Olmec were located in Mesoamerica, maize was domesticated in Mesoamerica

ritualized Mesoamerican game that used a rubber ball; associated with fertility, sacrifice and militarism Mesoamerican Ballgame

Middle Stone Age; cultural tradition that followed the Pleistocene marked by broad spectrum foraging, groundstone tools, and strong evidence for dog domestication

In a rhetorical situation, a message is the text being conveyed by the speaker.

Meaning "mixed-race," a person who claimed both Spanish and Native American ancestry. They resided in the middle rungs of Spanish society, below pure Spaniards and above Africans slaves.

A statistical procedure in which the results of existing studies are combined to determine what conclusions can be drawn on the basis of all the studies considered together.

A direct comparison between two things, as in Hope is the thing with feathers (Emily Dickinson, “Hope”).

A large stone on which corn is ground by a smaller stone called the "mano."

When one thing is represented by another thing associated with it, as in The pen is mightier than the sword (where pen stands in for writing, and sword stands in for warfare or violence)

The term rulers of the Aztec Empire used to refer to themselves.

The Mexican Revolution was a 10-year-long armed conflict that began as a movement to oust the aging dictator, Porfirio Díaz, in 1910. Political turmoil following his resignation and continued infighting among various revolutionary factions ushered in a period of brutal civil war. Violence(...)

a naturally occurring mineral silicate that separates into thin sheets

Steck was a superintendent of Indian Affairs for the Territory of New Mexico under President Abraham Lincoln. Steck brought "Lincoln Canes" (walking sticks) to the New Mexico Pueblos as a peaceful intent gesture.  

small pieces of sharp stone made from sections of longer blades and flakes and make more efficient use of stone; these were inserted into handles to economize toolstone embedded microlithics

Trash mounds.

Otero Jr. was the 16th Territorial Governor of New Mexico and the son of Miguel Otero Sr. Enamored with outlaws and law enforcement "stars of the west", Otero penned an autobiography about his interactions with legends such as Kit Carson, Billy The Kid, Jesse James and Bat Masterson  

Otero Sr. was an influential politician, businessman and entrepreneur. He was the longest serving Hispanic delegate to the New Mexico Legislature in the 19th century.

Hidalgo was a Catholic priest and leader of the Mexican independence against Spanish rule.

  This 1887 lawsuit challenged the Padilla brothers' right to erect fences on the Las Vegas Land Grant commons near a site called La Monilla, thirteen miles east of Las Vegas. Judge Elisha V. Long ruled in favor of the nuevomexicanos in this case, although the decision did not set a precedent(...)

ceramic type of the Mimbres Mogollon region known for its artistry spectacular iconography Mimbres Black-on-white

Occurs when the beliefs held by the smaller number of individuals in the current social group prevail.

Lamar was the President of the Republic of Texas who organized the ill-fated Texan-Santa Fe Expedition.

to interpret, explain, or understand incorrectly

archaeological tradition of northern Peru; known for its portrait pots, adobe brick monuments, and ritual combat Huaca del Sol, Cerro Blanco, Peru

sexually explicit pots typically representing non-reproductive acts found among the Moche of northern Peru

Mogollon is one of four major cultures from the Southwest from 1400 to 1450 CE. The Mogollon lived in the northern Mexico and in the south central United States.

The way Pueblo communities are divided into two halves.

the original model from which a ceramic mold is made; used by the Moche to produce portrait vessels

Refers to an Indonesian archipelago called the Maluku Islands, known as the "Spice Islands" to the Spanish.

the largest prehistoric structure north of Mexico, about 100 ft. high and covering 14 acres at its base; located at the Mississippian site of Cahokia in Illinois Monk's Mound

Having a single mate for life.

A one-foot line.

Religion with typically one major deity.

In competition with Sears, Montgomery Ward was founded in Chicago, Illinois immediately after the Civil War as a mail order merchandiser. Thriving in sales during World War I, the Great Depression, and World War II, Wards eventually went out of business after nearly 130 years.   

The emotional weight or atmosphere of a story, created through details, description and other craft features.

The set of social norms that describe the principles and ideals, as well as the duties and obligations, that we view as appropriate and that we use to judge the actions of others and to guide our own behavior.

Founded shortly after the Civil War, Morehouse College is a private, all male, historically African American college in Atlanta Georgia. Martin Luther King Jr. was a Morehouse Alumni.  

The study of the forms of things, in particular.

form (see Chapter 2)

cup-like vessel made of stone used for processing plants like acorns

earthen mounds containing skeletons; Hopewell and Mississippian tradition used mortuary mounds for burying their dead

Moses Austin born in 1821 is a co-founder to the American Lead Industry. He was one of the first men to gain permission to bring Anglo’s to Texas.

Practice of planting several crops in one plot in order to increase productivity

wall painting

A change to the sequence of bases in DNA.

shorthand for millions of years ago (see Chapter 2)

legislation that stipulates human remains and other culturally important items found on federal lands should be repatriated or returned to tribes that can demonstrate cultural affiliation

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990

The language of the Aztec Empire that dominated Mesoamerican culture.

Apache warrior and chief who fought along with Mangas Coloradas and Victorio during the Apache Wars between 1849 and 1886. Nana is the Mexican-Spanish derivative of his Apache name, Kastziden.  

Navajo Chief who sought a peaceful resolution and negotiated with the U.S. Government during the American-Indian Wars.

The U.S. Ambassador to Mexico in 1848, Democrat Nathan Clifford issued the Querétaro Protocol--a document that explained the reasoning for the alterations to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo made by the U.S. Congress prior to its ratification.

legislation aimed at preserving archaeological and historical sites in the United States (see Chapter 2)

a list of archaeological and historical sites deemed worthy of preservation; established by the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (see Chapter 2)

refers to naturally occurring copper in a chemically uncombined state

Jacob C. Morgan organized the Navajo Progressive Leage as a representative body to counter the influence of the tribal council that had been handpicked by John Collier and BIA agents in the 1930s. At the heart of the conflict between the two groups was the issue of livestock reduction. The(...)

Translates to "the enemy people" or "the people who make trouble." Often called Bronco Apaches, Sierra Madre Apaches, and Southern Chiricahua. 

The process by which two or more parties formally work together to attempt to resolve a perceived divergence of interest in order to avoid or resolve social conflict.

tool tradition marked by groundstone tools and pottery; associated with agriculture

When the wedded couple established a new residence.

A newly coined word or expression.

Among other things, this state legislation stipulates that it is unlawful to intentionally excavate a marked or unmarked burial on private land in New Mexico. A permit is required to use mechanical earth-moving equipment on an archaeological site on private land in New Mexico. (see Chapter(...)

Newton D. Baker was an American politician that belonged to the Democratic Party. He was the 37th mayor of Cleveland, Ohio from 1912 to 1915 and as U.S. Secretary of War from 1916 to 1921.  

Ruler of Tenochtitlan's neighboring city-state of Texcoco. His people were not Aztec, but Acolhua, settling on the eastern side of Lake Texcoco.  

A Danish physicist. Bohr's model of the atom and his work in quantum physics helped Manhattan Project scientists understand and create the atom bomb  

A chimp taught to use ASL; his signs were analyzed quantitatively by psychologist Herb Terrace.

This amendment to the U.S. Constitution prohibits denying the right to vote based on gender. Initially introduced in 1878, the amendment was not passed until 1920.   

Idea that traditional people are naturally good or noble not having been corrupted by civilization

Aggression that does not involve physical harm.

When we express opinions or behave in ways that help us to be accepted or that keep us from being isolated or rejected by others.

Adopted by the Confederation Congress in 1787, this ordinance established a form of government and steps to statehood for regions in the northwest territory.   

Steps of the DNA ladder that pair together, A with T and G with C.

The Nueces Strip was the territory between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande that was disputed claimed by both the Texas Republic and the nation of Mexico in the lead-up to the U.S. Mexico War. Texans pushed their claim to include all land to the Rio Grande’s headwaters—an assertion that(...)

Practice where women marriage each other in order to produce and heir or escape domestic violence.

Descendants of Spanish and Mexican colonists who settled in the New Mexico region. Many claimed purity of blood to climb atop the social hierarchy, when in fact they are of mixed-race heritage.

"The people" in Comanche; what the Comanches called themselves

The ability to perceive a subject without being influenced by personal biases or emotions.

Research that involves making observations of behavior and recording those observations in an objective manner.

episode of human use

An eight-foot line.

A stanza containing eight lines.

Fourth Governor of New Mexico and a U.S. Senator. Larrazolo was the first Hispanic United States Senator and of Mexican-American heritage. During his tenure, he was an advocate of bilingual education, civil rights for Mexican immigrants and supported women's suffrage.  

An Apache headsman whose raids terrorized the New Spanish northern frontier for almost two years.

refers to a copper industry around the Great Lakes region dating to around 4000 BCE. The old copper culture represents one of the few hunter-gatherer "cultures" that used metals.

refers to inaccuracy of dating a structure using dendrochronology because wood beams were from older structures were re-used when building new structures

Ability to consume both animal and plant foods

sites located in open space and often exposed to erosion from wind and water; contrasts with cave and rock shelter sites (see Chapter 3)

The particular method that we use to measure a variable of interest.

  As migration in the U.S. headed westward, many pioneers, traders, trappers and immigrant headed for the Oregon Territory. There were so many people moving that they called the migration "Oregon Fever."  

The westward migration route from Missouri to western United States beginning in 1843 with the largest group of migrants making the five month journey.

Stories and oral histories from various cultures to describe the origins of certain phenomenons in nature and society.

expert in bone analysis (see Chapter 2)

Mbuti man who became part of a zoo exhibit in New York in 1906.

The motivation to affiliate with, accept, and be accepted by others.

The tendency to view members of outgroups as more similar to each other than we see members of ingroups.

A detailed summary of the important points in a text.

Occurs when we view our behavior as caused by the situation, leading us to discount the extent to which our behavior was actually caused by our own interest in it.

A hormone that is important in female reproduction and that also influences social behaviors, including the development of long-term romantic attachments.

Beauregard marched with General Scott's army from Veracruz to Mexico City in 1847 as part of the final offensives of the U.S.-Mexico War. He gained notoriety during the U.S. Civil War as an effective Confederate general.

One of the three Herrera brothers to organize the Las Gorras Blancas, a group formed to fight the Anglo land grabbers, in northern New Mexico.   

Montoya was a vecino of Taos Pueblo who supported the Chimayó Rebellion in 1837 and who later played an instrumental role in the 1847 Taos Revolt that directly challenged the U.S. occupation. His contemporaries claim that he styled himself as the "Santa Anna of the North." Along with Tomasito,(...)

The three Padilla brothers (José, Francisco, and Pablo Padilla) build fences on the Las Vegas Land Grant commons in the mid 1880s in order to protect nuevomexicano access to land and resources. Their actions were the basis of the Milhiser v. Padilla suit.

The godparent of a child who sponsors his/her baptism is a padrino. In nonreligious terms, it is an individual chosen by the child's parents to participate in the raising and caring of the child.

Construction of the original adobe structure on the north side of the Santa Fe Plaza began in 1610 not long after the arrival of Governor Pedro de Peralta and the relocation of the colonial capital to the villa de Santa Fe. The Palace of the Governors was the site of governmental(...)

Study human human fossil ancestors

something that is continuously reused or written or painted over like a manuscript or Upper Paleolithic cave artwork

something that has been written or drawn on multiple times

Originating in Malaysia, the pantoum was adapted by French poets. It consists of an unlimited number of quatrains in which the second and fourth lines of each are repeated in the first and third lines of the next. The first and third lines of the first stanza become the final stanza’s second(...)

cave art (see Chapter 3)

A town in northern Mexico that largely developed due to its silver mining industry during the 16th and 17th centuries.

The idea that the fetus is formed from the semen of more than one man.

Becoming actively embedded in a culture while making observations. Used by cultural anthropologists.

The partido system was a formalized patron-client relationship that dated back to the Spanish colonial period. Most nuevomexicanos lacked the resources or capital to secure their own sheep or implements. Under the system, a rico patron furnished an agreed upon number of sheep to a partidario(...)

A sentence construction where the subject is not clear or the subject is not performing the action in the sentence. 

A sentence construction where the subject is not clear or the subject is not performing the action in the sentence.

A semi-nomadic lifestyle based on herding sheep and changing locations depending on changes in water and grazing availability.

Herding

Originally from Alabama, Pat Garrett was appointed to serve as Lincoln County's Sherriff in 1880. Prior to his service as sheriff, he had worked as a cowboy in Texas. He also had prior dealings with Billy the Kid. As sheriff, however, his main task was to bring Billy the Kid to justice for his(...)

Appeals to the emotions and cultural beliefs of the listeners or readers. In a rhetorical situation, it is the appeal most closely associated with the audience.

When the bride moves into the house of the groom’s family.

Patriots were settlers of the 13 British colonies in North America who fought against the Crown for independence.

A system of royal patronage in Spain where the crown played an involved role in the administration and support of the church, creating a church-state with backing from the Pope that was formative to the Spanish Empire's rise to power.

Alleged as Billy the Kid's sweetheart, Paulita Jaramillo need Maxwell, of Mexican and Spanish heritage denied being anything other than Billy's good friend.  

A Hopi village that was a place of refuge for people of the Sandia Pueblo during the Pueblo Revolt and subsequent Spanish reconquest.

historic ceremony used by Native American nations during which violence was suspended; Hopewell pipes may have served a similar function

Pedro Nolasco Martín José María de la Candelaria Francisco Javier Ampudia y Grimarest (Pedro de Ampudia) was born in Havana, Cuba, in 1805. He became an Army officer at a young age and later became Governor of Tabasco, Yucatán and Nuevo León. Before war broke out with the United States in(...)

Villasur was a Spanish lieutenant who led an expedition to check on the growing French presence in the Great Plains region. He was killed in combat when the expedition was attacked and overwhelmed by Pawnee and Otoe Indians.

Under Mexican President President José Joaquín Herrera, Garcia was the Secretary of War during the time Santa Ana attempted to reclaim power. Garcia is also noted in history as a cartographer in mapping Chihuahua state in Mexico, southern New Mexico and parts of California.  

Gallego was a militia leader from Abiquiú who welcomed William Becknell's party into New Mexico in 1821, effectively opening the Santa Fe Trade.

Posada was the titular governor of New Mexico between 1686 and 1689. He led an unsuccessful expedition in 1687 to reclaim New Mexico for the Crown.

Rodríguez headed the Chicano Studies department at New Mexico Highlands University in the 1960s and 1970s, and he supported the organization of La Raza Unida Party in San Miguel County.

Finnish historian who argued that Comanche dominance was largely due to its implementation of its own economically-driven imperialism.

Colonial settlers in Latin America that had been previously born in Spain.

A lay Catholic fraternity, the Penitente Brotherhood, was created in the tradition of other such organizations that dated back to reconquest Iberia. They abided by their own set of by-laws and initiation ceremonies, but their main purpose was to serve their local communities and to purify(...)

A learning tool (developed by social philosopher Kenneth Burke) that helps break apart information into five interrelated components that determine its overall shape and direction (Act, Agent, Agency, Scene, Purpose)

A five-foot line.

Second to last.

The process of learning about other people.

Comes from the Latin word for mask; it's the version of the writer that they want to illustrate for the reader in a memoir.

When we decide that the behavior was caused primarily by the person.

The negative emotions that we may experience when we view another person’s suffering.

A personal narrative tells the true story of something that happened to the writer.

Similar to testimony, but consists of ones own testimony; it reflects what you know to be true because you have experiences and have formed either opinions or judgements.

Human characteristics being applied to non-human things, as in irises, all /funnel & hood, papery tongues whispering little / rumors in their mouths (Laura Kasischke, “Hostess”).

In analysis, your personal insight into a text; what a text means to you and why you think it's significant.

Writing created to convince, motivate, or move readers toward a certain point of view or opinion.

stone pounding tool, usually roughly cylindrical. Used with a mortar.

This sonnet contains two stanzas: one octet that rhymes as A B B A–A B B A, and a remaining sextet with varying rhyme schemes. The volta occurs between the stanzas.

an image pecked or scratched into rock, contrast with a pictograph which is painted with pigment

The expression of a gene.

Aggression that involves harming others physically.

The tendency to perceive attractive people as having positive characteristics, such as sociability and competence.

small particles of silica derived from the cells of plants, they preserve even after the plant has decayed, used to determine the location of farmland at Catalhoyuk

Brothers and French Canadian explorers who were the first Europeans to cross the Great Plains. They journeyed from Illinois to Santa Fe, New Mexico.

Early 19th century French wayfinder, Pierre Vial, helped establish routes and pathways which eventually became the Santa Fe Trail, the commercial highway between Missouri and Santa Fe. He is commonly called "Pedro" in Spanish records.

A mountain in the front range of the Rocky Mountains, originally called "El Capitán" by the Spanish.

Pionsenay and his brother Skinya rose to prominence among the Central Chiricahuas in the Arizona Territory following Cochise's death in 1874.

semi-subterranean structures (partially dug into the ground) structures; used by Hohokam (shallow) and Mogollon (deep) of the American Southwest

A 1910 political statement penned by Francisco Madero and his supporters in San Antonio, the Plan de San Luis Potosí called for the uprising and overthrow of the Mexican authoritarian government and movement toward democracy. The plan initiated the Mexican Revolution.

The Plan de Tomé was the title given to the counter-revolt led by Manuel Armijo to suppress the government of José Gonzales that had been established through the Chimayó Rebellion.

flat-topped earthen mounds; found in Mississippian Tradition sites and the Hohokam

pipes associated with the Hopewell tradition that are associated with leaders in mortuary contexts; may have served similar purpose to historic Peace Pipe Ceremony

A geological epoch from 2.5 million to 11,700 years ago that's characterized by increased glacial activity and megafauna.

The epoch of the ice ages roughly 2 mya to 12 kya.

time period from 2 mya to abut 10 kya marked by ice ages (cold trends) and warming period (interglacials); climate during the Pleistocene was highly variable

The events as they unfold in sequence.

The practice or custom of having more than one wife or husband at the same time.

Males have more than one female spouse.

Religion with many deities.

Ponciano Arriaga was born in 1811. During his adult life, he made a career as a lawyer and a legislative representative in San Luis Potosí, Mexico. Along with other liberal politicians in 1848, he called for the continuation of hostilities against the United States after Mexican conservatives(...)

Po'pay, also spelled "Popé," was a Tewa religious leader of Ohkay Owingeh who led the Pueblo Revolt against the Spanish colonizers. It was the first successful uprising that kept the Spanish out of Pueblo lands for more than a decade. His influence in the revolt is still under scholarly debate.

means "below the neck" or cranium (see Chapter 3)

an approach to archaeology that stressed multiple ways of knowing the past; rejected processual archaeology as too reductionist; championed by British archaeologist Ian Hodder

The feeling of regret that may occur after we make an important decision.

A meeting between Russia, the United States, and England to negotiate the terms for the end of World War II.

fired ceramic vessels; contrast to the word "ceramic" which does not imply a vessel

Words that are clear and specific.

template of a finished tool

The part of the brain that lies in front of the motor areas of the cortex and that helps us remember the characteristics and actions of other people, plan complex social behaviors, and coordinate our behaviors with those of others.

This Spanish form was practiced by poets of the court in pairs during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. One poet asks a question or series of questions in one form and the second poet, matching the form, answers. The topics usually related to love, philosophy, or morality.

period of human history without written records (see Chapter 1)

An unjustifiable negative attitude toward an outgroup or toward the members of that outgroup.

A tense expressing an action that is currently going on or habitually performed, or a state that currently or generally exists.

items restricted to elite members of a population

The first stage of the writing process, which may consist of a combination of outlining, diagramming, story boarding, and clustering.

Information that we learn first is weighted more heavily than is information that comes later.

Firsthand sources of information. 

The major points a writer chooses to expand on in their thesis. It is the most important information a writer uses to argue their point of view.

Study of primates, i.e., monkeys, apes, prosimians, etc.

A technique in which information is temporarily brought into memory through exposure to situational events.

when remains of the past are in close proximity to each other, they likely date to the same time period (see Chapter 1)

in a sequence of undisturbed strata, the overlying layer is younger than the one below it (see Chapter 1)

an approach used to make inferences from the archaeological record that states that processes occurring in the present were also occurring in the past (see Chapter 1)

In MLA format, the hierarchical rules for creating works cited entries.

A laboratory simulation that models a social dilemma in which the goals of the individual compete with the goals of another individual (or sometimes with a group of other individuals).

Real change in opinions on the part of the individual.

A "proof of merit" written by prospective Spanish explorers to convince the crown of the importance and possible rewards of their proposed expeditions.

Beliefs about the fairness (or unfairness) of the procedures used to distribute available rewards among parties.

When groups work better than we would expect, given the individuals who form them.

Is an outcome in situations in which groups perform more poorly than we would expect, given the characteristics of the members of the group.

The ease with which we can process information in our environments.

archaeology focused on scientific understanding of the past; it stressed adaptation and change over time (process), also called the New Archaeology, championed by American archaeologist Lewis Binford

A British law that forbade colonial settlements west of the Appalachians. 

the amount of biomass in an area that can be used for human consumption

New words or sentences that others can understand can be generated.

Jutting forward of the lower face.

A period in U.S. history between 1890 and 1920 in which social activism and political reform were the motivating factors. Progressive activists tended to be middle-class reformers and politicians who sought rational and scientific solutions for prominent social issues. Ending political(...)

generic word for the tip of a weapon such as an arrowhead, stone atlatl point, or spear head Clovis projectile points

Reviewing a paper for general consistency and clarity.

The prose poem, which can be any length, isn’t broken into verse, but contains many of the elements of poetry: figures of speech, musical language, internal rhyme, repetition, condensed syntax, and imagery.

The musical patterns of language.

the physical coordinates of an archaeological specimen (see Chapter 2)

A strong motivational state that prevents conformity.

Is a superficial change in behavior (including the public expression of opinions) that is not accompanied by an actual change in one’s private opinion.

Benefits that are shared by a community at large and that everyone in the group has access to, regardless of whether or not they have personally contributed to the creation of the goods.

In northern New Mexico, within Chaco Canyon, Pueblo Bonito is the region's largest great house occupied by Ancestral Puebloans from 828 to 1126 CE.

D-shaped Great House at Chaco Canyon, New Mexico

Also known as Po'pay's rebellion, it was a combined uprising of the Pueblos of New Mexico against the Spanish in 1680. It was the only successful Native American rebellion against a European power.

A line of poetry that adheres to a pattern the poem has undertaken.

The reason the writer composes the writing.

Used as a term to describe migration of humans, push factors are things that compel people to migrate to another location or geography. They can be unfavorable living factors.

These abandoned ruins are located in Santa Clara Canyon near Española, New Mexico. Pueblo Indians lived in the area where they hunted game and cultivated food between 900 to 1580 CE.

An approach that typically involves close description e.g., interviews about genocide

refers to observations that are not measurable, descriptive in nature

Present images that appear tot he audience's emotions

pitch, duration, and volume.

An approach that involves measurement of some kind

refers to observations that are measurable

Present data graphically to logically appeal to the audience.

A stanza comprised of four lines.

The Querétaro Protocol was the final document signed that concluded the U.S.-Mexican War with the United States appropriating nearly half of the Mexican territory.

chewed up plant fibers (see Chapter 2)

An Inca administrative tool using a system of knots of different colors to detail various records like trade, agricultural productivity, war, and general history.

A group of words, usually three or more, that are borrowed from another writer or speaker. The use of quotation marks signals , to the reader, that this text is not the writer's original thought.

holds the seed onto the plant

a technique used to date archaeological remains based on the decay of the radioactive isotope of carbon called carbon-14 (see Chapter 2 and videos)

Ralph D. Abernathy was born in 1926 and made a career as a Baptist minister. Alongside Martin Luther King Jr., he organized the historic Montgomery bus boycotts in 1955.

A Spanish term meaning a small rural community. In the United States, ranchería is used to define native villages and/or ranchers' workmens quarters.  

Determining separately for each participant which condition he or she will experience through a random process.

The process of returning a person to their native land of origin or citizenship.

When groups are in competition for objectively scarce resources.

A procedure in which voters can remove and elected politician before the end of the electoral term.

The manner in which the audience receives the message conveyed.

The idea that, if we help other people now, they will return the favor should we need their help in the future.

The tendency to communicate frequently, without fear of reprisal, and in an accepting and empathetic manner.

The mutual exchange of favors or goods.

Is a social norm reminding us that we should follow the principles of reciprocal altruism.

a red mineral pigment; also called red ochre (see Chapter 3)

Legislative process by which measures proposed or passed by a legislative body can be sent to the vote of the electorate for approval or rejection.  

The sense and interpretation that a writer makes of the events that transpire in a memoir.

The Reglamento de 1772 was a set of legislation based on Enlightenment reasoning to solve the problems Spain faced in its northern frontier. It concluded that native hostility and the settling population's combat unpreparedness needed addressing, leading to increased military spending in the region.

A spokesman for Mexican Americans and Hispanics, in the 1960s 1970s Tijerina lead the movement to restore New Mexico land grants to the ancestors of the original owners.

Say something again or a number of times, typically for emphasis or clarity.

dates that refer to the age of something relative to something else. That is, a relative dates tells you whether something happened before or after something else (see Chapter 2)

An institution that is widely shared, involves belief in a supernatural or cosmic order, and is supported by symbols and symbolic behavior.

Cavalier was a Frenchman who explored the Great Lakes, the Mississippi River, and the Gulf of Mexico, laying claims to Louisiana for the French crown, which effectively separated New Mexico and Spanish Florida.

Spanish colonial labor system that forced natives to perform low-paying or unpaid harsh, manual labor. While it's not slavery since the native workers aren't owned or purchased, they were subject to similar cruel conditions and long hours.

The process of returning a person to their native land of origin or citizenship.

return of archaeological material to an affiliated tribal nation under NAGPRA

The repeating of research.

A document that records and conveys information to readers in a clear, concise, and visually appealing manner

art that resembles something in the physical world

art that looks like something recognizable in the world by other people; much of the art of the Upper Paleolithic is representational; horses at Lascaux Cave are examples of representational art (see Chapter 3)

Occurs when we base our judgments on information that seems to represent, or match, what we expect will happen while ignoring more informative base-rate information.

A requirement, or demand, was a practice carried out by Spanish conquistadors that involved reading a declaration of war to the natives before attacking them. These documents commanded the natives to submit to the King, Pope, and Christian God.

The Spanish word for "rescue" that also refers to Native Americans being "rescued" from their communities to work as house servants.

Diligent inquiry or examination to seek or revise facts, principles, theories, applications, et cetera; laborious or continued search after truth.

A statement about the relationship between the variables of interest and about the specific direction of that relationship.

A substantial piece of academic writing, usually done as a requirement for a class, in which the author independently researches a topic and writes a description of the research findings.

refers to differences in the location and elaboration of houses

Devotional paintings common in Latin America that derive their symbols from Roman Catholicism. 

servant or attendant

An outline that is created after the initial prewriting process.

Fallacies are reasoning errors, which abuse the power of logical, emotional, or ethical appeals.

Rhetorical modes (also known as modes of discourse) describe the variety, conventions, and purposes of the major kinds of language-based communication, particularly writing and speaking. Four of the most common rhetorical modes and their purpose are narration, description, exposition, and(...)

A rhetorical question is a question that you ask without expecting an answer. The question might be one that does not have an answer. It might also be one that has an obvious answer but you have asked the question to make a point, to persuade or for literary effect.

Circumstances under which you communicate, which includes your purpose, audience, tone, genre, and medium of communication (online, face-to-face, text message, formal paper, etc.)

Diagonal lines throughout an image that create action

Clear end-rhyming patterns in a poem.

Feynman, theoretical physicist, joined Hans Bethe's team in Los Alamos for the Manhattan Project. He and Bethe developed the Bethe-Feynman formula for calculating the yield of a fission bomb.

Spanish for "rich New Mexicans."

During the Spanish era, the New Mexico colony was divided into two general regions: Rio Arriba (the upper river) and Rio Abajo (the lower river). Rio Arriba included all of the New Mexico territory north of Santa Fe along the Rio Grande.

Also know as the Rio Grande River.  

Rituals that ensure a transformation from one life stage to another life stage have a special name.

Situated in present-day North Carolina, Roanoke was an English attempt in the late 16th Century to establish a permanent settlement in the Americas. However, its colonists disappeared after the Anglo-Spanish War for no reason, earning it the nickname "Lost Colony."

Commander of the Confederate Armies, Lee was a skillful leader, who in spite of some miraculous wins on the battlefield, eventually surrendered to the Union thereby ending the U.S. Civil War.

Roberto Archuleta was the founder of El Teatro Norteño. El Teatro Norteño presented famous acts and actors, one of the most known was Luis Valdez which associated matters relevant to New Mexico. 

a rocky overhang (see Chapter 3)

Rodolfo “Corky” González was a Mexican American civil rights activist. He is considered a founder of the Chicano Movement. His poem Yo Soy Joaquín shared his view of what is was to be Chicano: a cosmic combination of conflicting American, European, and Mexican identities. Chicanos could not(...)

Named for its creator, Carl Rogers, a type of argument that aims for true compromise between two positions.

In 1959, Ron Aguirre became one of the first customizers to use the hydraulic pump in cars to change ride height by the push of a button.

Founded by Theodore Roosevelt, Rough Riders fought in the Spanish American War. Many New Mexicans volunteered in the Rough Riders or the Cowboy Cavalry.  

After the war, the first reunion was held in 1899. Rough Riders met every year, until 1967, at the Hotel Castañeda in Las Vegas, New Mexico. Annual reunions ended when the only member left attended alone. 

The roundel is an English form consisting of eleven lines in three stanzas with no set meter. The first part of line one repeats at the end of the first stanza and again as the last line of poem. The half line also forms the rhyme pattern and is indicated here as R for “refrain”: A B A R–B A(...)

In the early 1990s, Laws adamantly opposed Wendell Chino's proposal to bring nuclear waste to Mescalero tribal lands. At one point, she gave a rousing speech that warned against the possibility of radioactivity in the local rivers and forests. For her efforts, she was harassed and her life(...)

People who are salient attract our attention when we see something or someone with them.

One of the many Spanish missionaries in New Mexico enforcing punishments upon the natives for idol worshipping and other non-Christian religious beliefs.

Attempt at documenting ways of life disappearing the face of colonialism and development.

Leader of the Forest Guardians, an environmental group which protested logging on federal land in New Mexico. 

Samuel Axtell was appointed Govenor of the New Mexico Territory in 1875. His tenure as Govenor was plagued with corruption, fraud and mismanagement. No charges were filed against him and he was later appointed Chief Justice of the New Mexico Territorial Supreme Court in 1882.  

San Antonio de Béxar was a Spanish fort built in modern-day San Antonio, Texas. Its purpose was to keep French and English aggression out of the surrounding region. It quickly became a political and economic center in Spanish Texas.

Established by Lloyd Tireman in the South Valley of Albuquerque in 1930, the school was modeled after the Mexican government's rural cultural mission program.

The Spanish name for the Ohkay Owingeh Pueblo.

San Juan de Ulúa is a complex, near Veracruz, Mexico, of prisons, fortresses, and at one time a palace. In 1519, Cortés met with Aztec representative from the empire of Moctezuma I. 

Santa Cruz de la Cañada is a village lying in the Galisteo Basin at more than 5,000 feet above sea level. At first is was a Pueblo community, but then was established as a Hispanic community after Diego de Vargas's reconquest.

The Santa Fe Ring was a late 19th and early 20th century influential group of attorneys and land speculators who, through unethical and corrupt business practices, amassed large holdings of land and money. The "ring" applied to most Republican state politicians in Santa Fe, New Mexico who held(...)

The Santa Fe Trail was a business and transportation route between Franklin, Missouri and Santa Fe, New Mexico. It opened up commerce, travel, and economic development through central United States.

A santero is an artisan who makes saint figures, usually out of wood or ivory.

Santiago Abreú was deputy to the Congress in Mexico City 1825-1826 and served as governor of New Mexico from 1832 to 1833. 

The Sapawe Pueblo occupied a 20-acre area perched over El Rito River from 1350 to 1550 CE. Upon contact with the Spanish, about 2,000 people were living at this Tewa ancestral site.

The idea that the structure of a language influences thought.

box-like stone receptacle for the dead detail of Lord Pacal's limestone sarcophagus

in archaeology, refers to the idea that material culture can be studied using both fine-grained (what was in this pot?) and coarse-grained approaches (what was the nature of interaction between the pre-Hispanic Southwest and Mesoamerica?)

The process of scanning lines of poetry to mark stressed and unstressed beats and determine the poem’s pattern of meter and length.

The place where an incident in real life or fiction occurs or occurred.

 This early mail order merchandise company benefited from the U.S. expansion to the west. The first catalog was published in 1894 and shipped, via the U.S. Postal Service, everything from A to Z to all parts of the United States.

Discuss, interpret, analyze, consolidate, or otherwise rework information from primary sources.

Activities that often symbolic, involve special words, objects, and clothing, are transformative, but don’t involve the supernatural.

Living in one location for an extended period of time.

refers to living in permanent settlements

The motivation to protect and enhance the self and the people who are psychologically close to us.

The act of whipping oneself and causing oneself extreme pain as a religious ritual.

Is a process that occurs when our expectations about others lead us to behave toward those others in ways that make those expectations come true.

When we make statements or engage in behaviors that help us create a convenient external attribution for potential failure.

occurs when we use our own behavior as a guide to help us determine our own thoughts and feelings.

Measures in which individuals are asked to respond to questions posed by an interviewer or on a questionnaire.

Attributions that help us meet our desires to see ourselves positively.

The study of signs and symbols and their use or interpretation.

The creation of sentences of various lengths and types.

An isolated forager people living on North Sentinel Island in the Andaman Islands

An ethnic division of Jews that trace their ancestry back to Israelite immigrants who settled in the Iberian Peninsula at the turn of the first millennium. 

A seven-foot line.

A stanza containing seven lines.

Having one legal spouse at a time.

A neurotransmitter that influences mood, appetite, and sleep and that reduces aggression.

The sestina consists of five sestets culminating in a final tercet called an envoi, also called a tornada. The six words that end each of the lines in the first stanza repeat throughout the poem in the following pattern: 1. A B C D E F 2. F A E B D C 3. C F D A B E 4. E C B F A D 5. D E A(...)

Where a story takes place.

refers the place, duration, and type of locales where people live

The search for the rumored Seven Cities of Gold, located in the deserts of the American Southwest, spawned several failed Spanish expeditions and increased hostilities with Pueblo peoples.

As Governor of the Taos Pueblo, in the 1950s, Martínez began the 62 year effort to return the Blue Lake territory to the Taos Pueblo.

A stanza containing six lines.

When tasks are divided by sex or gender

Comprised of an octet and a sextet, this sonnet is composed in iambic pentameter and rhymes A B A B–C D C D–E F E F–G G. The volta appears either between lines eight and nine or between lines twelve and thirteen.

Part-time religious practitioners that interact with the spirit world. They often act as healers and cause or prevent transformations.

Practice by horticulturalists of periodically moving farm plots to allow them to rejuvenate

An introduction that introduces material that summarizes someone else's work or reports someone else's findings. 

Statements that reveal the importance of the analysis to the writer's personal and/or cultural concerns.

experiments on wild Russian foxes that showed that selecting for docility produces changes in morphology; suggests that selection for docility in wolves could have produced the domesticated dog silver foxes

A comparison that uses like or as, as in something inside me / rising explosive as my parakeet bursting / from its cage (Bruce Snider, “Chemistry”).

A term used to refer to poems in the submission process that are under consideration by multiple publishers at one time.

Drake was an English sea captain who completed the second circumnavigation of the world. The Spanish regarded him as a threat and King Felipe II offered a reward of 20,000 ducats (USD $6.5mil in today's money) for his capture. He also led the English fleet against the Spanish Armada in 1588.

spatial clusters of material culture (see Chapter 2)

To determine that the behavior was caused primarily by the situation.

Practice of cutting and burning vegetation to increase soil productivity.

A slave uprising in the French colony of Saint Domingue in 1791 led by Toussaint L'Overture resulted in the independence of the island of Hispaniola, creating the Dominican Republic and Haiti as two separate countries.

largest and best known Hohokam site; located in the Phoenix Basin ballcourt at Snaketown

A change in a single DNA nucleotide base, single nucleotide polymorphism.

The natural cognitive process by which we place individuals into social groups.

The mental activity that relates to social activities and helps us meet the goal of understanding and predicting the behavior of ourselves and others.

Norms that are seen as appropriate within a culture but that do not involve behaviors that relate to doing good or doing harm toward others.

The use of strategies that allow members of low-status groups to perceive their group as better than other groups.

A situation in which the goals of the individual conflict with the goals of the group.

Is a personality variable that refers to the tendency to see and to accept inequality among different groups.

The tendency to perform tasks better or faster in the presence of others.

Beliefs about how people should be treated fairly.

Group members are ranked

difference in wealth and power within a society

The positive self-esteem that we get from our group memberships.

The increase in the amount of conformity that is produced by adding new members to the majority group.

The process through which other people change our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors and through which we change theirs.

The tendency to perform tasks more poorly or slower in the presence of others.

The study of how our social behavior both influences and is influenced by the activities of our brain.

The ways of thinking, feeling, or behaving that are shared by group members and perceived by them as appropriate.

The ability of a person to create conformity even when the people being influenced may attempt to resist those changes.

The scientific study of how we feel, think, and behave toward the people around us and how our feelings, thoughts, and behaviors are influenced by those people.

The social responsibility norm tells us that we should try to help others who need assistance, even without any expectation of future paybacks.

Disciplines interested in general explanations about human societies often through observation and systematic analysis

The people with whom we interact every day.

Refers to the comfort that we receive from the people around us—for instance, our family, friends, classmates, and coworkers.

The approval, assistance, advice, and comfort that we receive from those with whom we have developed stable positive relationships.

Chávez de Chacon served as Secretary of State from 1922 to 1927, the first woman to hold statewide elected office in New Mexico. In 1924, she was one of the first women to act as a state governor due to a stipulation in the New Mexico Constitution that requires either the Lieutenant Governor(...)

Although there are several versions of the sonnet, each has fourteen lines and contains a volta, or a turn in thought, which can sometimes be indicated with the words “but” or “yet.” In contemporary poetry it has become common for poets to compose sonnets with differing rhyme or meter, or with(...)

System where a man marries his dead wife’s sister.

The person, place or thing from which something (information, goods, etc. ) comes or is acquired

shared religious iconography of the Mississippian Tradition

The Spanish Civil War was between Spanish Republican groups loyal to the democratic Spanish Republic versus the Nationalists, a fascist group led by General Francisco Franco. The Nationalists won the war, which led the nation into a social revolution.  

The Spanish-Cuban-American War was a conflict in 1898 between Spain and the United States over U.S. aide and assistance to Cuba during their war for independance against Spanish rule.  

U.S. Army soldiers, with technical and scientific skills, were assigned to serve in the Manhattan Project labs to assist the nuclear scientists solve problems in the development of the atomic bomb.

This sonnet modifies the Petrarchan to contain a rhyme scheme of A B A B–B C B C–C D C D–E E.

Spiro Theodore Agnew served as the 39th Vice President of the US under President Richard Nixon from 1969-1973.

Composed of two lines, the split couplet contains a first line in iambic tetrameter and a second in iambic dimeter; the two lines should rhyme. Another variation is to write the first line in iambic pentameter.

ˉ ˉ Two equal stresses.

Accepting a persuasion attempt because we focus on whatever is most obvious or enjoyable, without much attention to the message itself.

A unit of poetry consisting of lines and bordered by blank space; similar to a paragraph in prose.

upright stone monuments; singular stela Maya stelae

Elkins served as a Congressional Delegate for the Territory of New Mexico, Founder and president of the Santa Fe National Bank, President of the Maxwell Land Grant Company, West Virginia Senator, and as the 38th Secretary of War. Elkins was very influential and managed to patent Spanish and(...)

Stephen F. Austin, son of Moses Austin, was the man who was held responsible for start the actions that led Texas to have their independence. 

A railway engineer by trade, Long is most noted for his expeditions and explorations of the Missouri and Platte Rivers. 

A U.S. brigadier general who during the Mexican American war lead an army of volunteers and his unit, and in a bloodless campaign to capture Santa Fe in 1846. 

The positive or negative beliefs that we hold about the characteristics of social groups.

Performance decrements that are caused by the knowledge of cultural stereotypes.

As military governor of the New Mexico, Price ended the Taos Revolt.

Sayings repeated by a person or group that then becomes associated with that group. Stock phrases can be problematic in academic writing when they are used without fully considering their implications. Also, like cliches, stock phrases can lose their significance when they are re-used often.

The Spanish thought the Strait of Anián was a Northwest Passage, a sea route through the Arctic from Europe to Asia. They repeatedly searched for it, hoping to find a way to the Spice Trade in China and India.

Layers of rock or soil or sediment.

layers of cultural and natural debris visible in the side of an excavation (see Chapter 1)

The syllables in a line of poetry that are emphasized.

remains of houses, ceremonial chambers, and other examples of architecture (see Chapter 2)

SNCC, organized in 1960, was instrumental in the Civil Rights Movement in helping dismantle segregation in the southern states.     

The way writing is created to respond to the audience, context, and purpose. A writers' style can be created by the use of their individual word choice, voice, and sentence construction.

Ways of obtaining food from one's environment

The Suma were a native group of nomadic hunter-gatherers that lived around northeastern Mexico and the Rio Grande valley. They were wiped out to extinction by disease and eventually absorbed by neighboring tribes.

A condensed version of the background or main ideas of a text

an astronomical feature on Fajada Butte at Chaco Canyon consisting of sandstone slabs and spiral petroglyphs used to mark the solstices, equinoxes and perhaps other astronomical events

an Upper Paleolithic site in Russia dating to ca. 28,000 B.P.; the site is famous for three human burials with elaborate grave goods including thousands of mammoth ivory beads (see Chapter 3)

volcano in Arizona that erupted 1060-1080s leaving a layer of ash on archaeological sites; also appears in tree-rings

Powers or phenomena not subject to the laws of nature.

The details, facts, and explanations that develop and clarify the main point.

A type of magic transforms through similarity, i.e., hunting magic.

When a part of something symbolizes the whole, or the whole of something symbolizes the part, as in All hands on deck (where hands stands in for men), or The whole world loves you (where whole world represents only a small number of its human population).

A word with a similar meaning.

A word or phrase with a meaning that is the same as, or very similar to, another word or phrase.

The way in which words and phrases are crafted and combined in sentences.

The formation of something complex or coherent by combining simpler things.

A kind of negative mana that can be harmful.

Sometimes interpreted as "spiritual echo," or calling up the dead, was an ancient Scottish mode of divination.

Known to the Spanish as the Arawaks, the Taíno were one of the Caribbean's major indigenous groups. Their culture became extinct due to disease and violence brought upon by Spanish colonizers.

architectural style consists of a sloped face followed by a vertical face supported by stone slabs

Tamaulipas is one of the 31 states of Mexico. In the 15th century, Moctezuma ruled over much of the area. Later it was conquered by Cortés, who established the first Spanish settlement in the area named Tampico.

This Japanese form, which focuses primarily on nature or strong emotions, consists of five unrhymed, non-metrical lines with the syllable count 5 7 5 7 7.

A group of languages spoken by the Native Americans of New Mexico, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas.

In 1847, an uprising of Pueblo people and Mexicans against the occupation of the United States earned the title of the Taos Revolt. 

Founded in 1915, the Taos Society of Artists' members developed forms of visual arts as a cooperative. The organization lead Taos to the forefront as an international arts center. 

The Tarahumara are a Native American group from northwestern Mexico who had been in constant conflict with the Spanish since the 17th century. Their hostility led to the burning and destruction of several missions and monasteries in the region.

a mound created by centuries of human occupation; Tell Abu Hureyra in Syria is an exmaple

earthen platform mounds atop which were built ceremonial structures; known from Mississippian sites like Cahokia

masonry Maya pyramid at Palenque in Chiapas, Mexico where Lord Pacal was interred; is the longest known Maya inscription; still being deciphered Temple of Inscriptions, Palenque

masonry pyramid of Teotihuacán in Mexico containing sacrifices of warriors

The capital of the Aztec Empire was built on an island in the center of Lake Texcoco in the Valley of Mexico. Tenochtitlán would go on to become the largest city in New Spain and later transform in modern-day Mexico City.

the wild progenitor (ancestor) of maize

huge multi-ethic city located in the Valley of Mexico (c. 100 BC-AD 700); sixth largest city in the world of its time

A stanza containing three lines.

Powderly was an American labor leader and politician who led the Knights of Labor from 1879-1893. 

Chimpanzees use modified probes to extract termites from nests

Creating steps out of a hillside to create garden plots.

Direct quotations from either an eyewitness or an expert witness.

The male sex hormone.

Tewa-speaking Tesuque Pueblo is one of the Eight Northern Pueblos. Here, Fray Juan Pio's murder sparked the Pueblo Revolt.

A four-foot line.

The Texan-Santa Fe Expedition was a political, military, and commercial expedition designed to move trade from the Santa Fe Trail to Texas. Part of the expedition's purpose was to obtain jurisdiction of the Santa Fe area for Texas.

The Texan-Santa Fe Expedition was a political, military, and commercial expedition designed to move trade from the Santa Fe Trail to Texas. Part of the expedition's purpose was to obtain jurisdiction of the Santa Fe area for Texas.  

Also known as “Climbing Rhyme,” this Burmese form consists of three four-syllable lines, with rhyme falling on the fourth syllable of the first line, the third syllable of the second line, and the second syllable of the third line.

Belief in supreme deities.

The ultimate message the narrative is trying to express; it can either be explicit or implicit.

  Roosevelt served as the 26th U.S. President. Progressive leadership brought about the "Square Deal" for citizens. Roosevelt expanded the power of the National Parks Service and was second in command of the Rough Riders, under General Leonard Wood.    

A publication, usually in the form of a book, that provides synonyms (and sometimes antonyms) for the words of a given language.

A claim or theory that must be supported with evidence to argue for or against a specific idea or position.

The main point of a paper; the idea of hypothesis a writer is trying to prove.

The use of they instead of he or she was a conscious choice on the part of the instructors. For non-gender conforming people, the use of they allows for a third person pronoun usage. Some teachers may not be on board with this grammatical choice, even though grammar and language are always(...)

A writing perspective that uses “he/she/it.”

Thomas Catron arrived in New Mexico following the Civil War and he established a law practice in the territory. Through his adept manipulation of land grant laws and the desperation of many heirs, he was able to gain control of much of the territory's land and resources. At one point, he was(...)

  Missouri Senator Thomas Hart Benton was an ardent advocate of U.S. westward expansion in the 1830s and 1840s. In the Senate, he used his position of seniority and power to support initiatives that would allow the United States to claim territories between the Mississippi River and the(...)

Larkin established a successful mercantile business in Monterey, Alta California, in the 1830s. Due to his desire to annex California to the United States, President Polk appointed him U.S. Consul. During the U.S.-Mexico War he received instructions from the State Department to encourage a(...)

Occurs when we think about how the message relates to our own beliefs and goals and involves our careful consideration of whether the persuasion attempt is valid or invalid.

The Tiguex War was the first of a series of wars fought between Pueblo peoples and Francisco Vasquez de Coronado during the Spaniard's quest to find the Seven Cities of Cíbola. 

Maya site located in the Peten Basin Guatemala; one of the largest Maya urban centers; World Heritage Site

Former state trooper and Deputy U.S. Marshall Fellion acted as a paid assassin in Española, New Mexico. He also placed an explosive device in the Albuquerque headquarters of La Alianza Federal de Mercedes.

Involves initially making a cooperative choice and then waiting to see what the other individuals do.

Tlaxcala is one of the Aztecs' antagonistic neighboring tribes which aided Cortés with soldiers during his conquest of the Aztec Empire.

When the cost of defending a resource is more than the benefit of keeping it

Southwest wood specialist

Along with Diego de Archuleta and Pablo Montoya, Ortiz was one of the principal leaders of the Taos Revolt in late 1846 and early 1847.

The Spanish governor of New Mexico from 1749-1754, considered to be one of the best governors due to his openness and compassion towards the surrounding native tribes, encouraging free trade that led to a thriving economy in the region.

Tomasito was a member of Taos Pueblo who joined Pablo Montoya and others in the Taos Revolt. In January of 1847, he and Montoya killed Governor Bent in his home in town.

An attitude the speaker of a poem has toward the subject. It is represented in its musical qualities: pitch, duration, and volume.

An object used to modify the shape, condition, or location of another object

A statement of the main idea of the paragraph in which it occurs.

Also known as “envoi,” this is the final tercet of a sestina.

Named for its creator, Stephen Toulminian, includes three components: a claim, stated grounds to support the claim, and stated assumptions called warrents.

A word, phrase, sentence, or paragraph that clarifies how the writer's ideas are connected.

The Treaty of 1868 was signed by the U.S. Government and Navajo Nation, ceasing hostilities between the two nations. In return, the Navajo had to return to the reservation, but would be provided with housing, education, and trade by the U.S. Government.   

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the U.S.- Mexican War in 1848.

The Treaty of La Mesilla concluded the Gadsden Purchase.

The 1763 Treaty of Paris ended the Seven Years War, with France ceding many of its North American possessions to Britain, ushering in an era of British global dominance.

The 1783 Treaty of Paris was a collection of treaties which ended the American Revolution signed by Britain on one side and the United States, France, and Spain on another.

The Treaty of San Ildefonso returned Louisiana back to French rule.

The Treaty of Velasco was two treaties signed after the defeat of the Mexican Army at the Battle of San Jacinto (1836). The signing ended hostilities between Mexico and the United States, as well as recognized Texas' independence from Mexico.

An approach that suggests that there are different types of love and that each is made up of different combinations of cognitive and affective variables, specified in terms of passion, intimacy, and commitment

A three-foot line

΄ ˘ A heavy stress followed by a light stress.

Words or phrases that point toward a figurative meaning.

Maya religious calendar of 260 days

A political title for a official U.S. representative to a foreign country, usually aligned with an ambassador or an embassy. This should not be confused with an ambassador who represents the United States for the President.

The tendency for people to make trait attributions in ways that benefit their ingroups, just as they make trait attributions that benefit themselves.

Ulysses S. Grant started as a junior officer during the U.S.-Mexican War. He quickly moved through the ranks as a fearless soldier and master of logistics. He joined Zachary Taylor at Resaca de la Palma and General Winfield Scott to Mexico City. With the outbreak of the Civil War, Grant(...)

The Umayyad Dynasty was the second of four Islamic Caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. Ruled from 661-750, it encompassed the Iberian Peninsula, North Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and Persia at its greatest extent. 

The erroneous idea that societies move through evolutionary stages from savagery to barbarism to civilization.

The tendency to be overly positive about the likelihood that negative things will occur to us and that we will be able to effectively cope with them if they do.

refers to a time period in Europe between about 40 kya and 10-12 kya that is marked by representational art, music, tailored clothing, organized settlements, complex tools, personal adornment, elaborate burial, and the atlatl (see Chapter 3)

Pedro Ignacio Gallego led the militia group that stood as a defense against the incursions of Utes, Apaches, Navajos, and Comanches near Abiquiú in the 1820s and 1830s. Following Mexican Independence, the former peace with indigenous peoples eroded due to the lack of subsidies for trade in the(...)

Ussen is the Apaches' supreme deity and giver of life.  

early archaeologist who argued that as the Pleistocene ended people began to closely observe plants and animals for the first time around oases, which led to domestication. This idea is no longer accepted for multiple reasons.

a site in Bulgaria along the Black Sea dating to ca. 6,000 B.P. (before Present). It is known for its dense concentration of gold and copper objects in burials. The site represents very early use of gold and copper.

During the late Spanish Colonial period hispano residents of New Mexico began to call themselves "vecinos" or "vecinas," a word that means "neighbor." As implied in the term itself, this label marked a person's place in their local village community.

In the fall of 1915 the administration of Woodrow Wilson recognized Carranza as the de facto president of Mexico despite the continuation of revolutionary violence. Wilson's decision caused Carranza's rival, Pancho Villa, to retaliate against Americans because he believed that he had been(...)

Lines of poetry.

One of the early supporters of Mexico's independence movement, Guerrero supported the efforts of Father Morelos to establish a republic in which all males would have the right to participate in politics, despite their ethnic heritage. Following Iturbide's attempt to dissolve congress in 1824,(...)

Weisskopf was a German physicist selected to work on the production of the atomic bomb under the Manhattan Project. Later, he became an advocate for the peaceful use of atomic energy.   

Victorio was the Warm Spring Apache Chief during the U.S. government's attempts to establish the indian agency/reservation system for relocation of Mimbres, Central Chiricahuas, Coyoteros, Gila, and Mogollon tribes in Southern New Mexico.  

primary wooden support beams in a structure vigas and latillas

A small town or collection of properties usually reserved for the Spanish upperclass.

when a village produces goods for an entire settlement system of villages

This French form consists of five tercets and a final quatrain. The first stanza’s first and third lines repeat in an alternating pattern as the last line in the subsequent stanzas. In the final quatrain, the two lines that have been repeating throughout the poem form the final two lines of(...)

Aggression that has extreme physical harm, such as injury or death, as its goal.

Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe, the Patroness of Mexico, was said to have appeared to a peasant, Juan Diego, in 1531. She asked for a church to be build at the Hill of Tepeyac in her honor. As the story goes, following several miracles by the Virgin, Juan Diego and his family erected the church(...)

The ability to read multi modal text.

Representations and images designed to convince people instead, or in addition to, using words; the study of what impression visuals give a viewer.

The area that extends from the vocal cords to the lips where the sounds of language are generated.

Refers to elements of the author's tone, phrasing, and style that are recognizable unique to her or him.

a. A turn in thought in the sonnet form indicated sometimes by a “but” or “yet.” b. The turn that takes place in a sonnet in which there is a marked change in the speaker’s thought, emotion or rhetoric.

Honey bee movement that conveys information about a food source. An example of displacement.

This Japanese form, which focuses primarily on nature or strong emotions, consists of five unrhymed, non-metrical lines with the syllable count 5 7 5 7 7. Lines one and two, as well as three and four, form complete sentences, as does the last line.

A system where biological fathers have little resposibility towatd his children. Instead the wife's brothers support her children.

Prescott was a historian and researcher on the the Texas Rangers and the Western Frontier. 

Also known as the Comanche-Mexico Wars (1821-1870), the Kiowa and Comanche raided northern Mexico territories to capture livestock to sell in the United States.

Introduced as a means to reduce poverty in the U.S. by President Lyndon Johnson. The legacy of the legislation remains today in the form of Head Start, VISTA, TRIO and Job Corp programs.

The first chimpanzee to use sign in American Sign Language.

Chimpanzee behavior at waterfalls involving erect fur, rhythymic swaying, throwing stones, Recorded at Gombe National Park in Tanzania

Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic

Chino led the Mescalero tribal council between 1953 until his death in 1998. Due to his strong leadership style, some observers have referred to him as autocratic. Through his no-nonsense style, he tirelessly worked to promote Mescalero self-determination and economic self-sufficiency.(...)

Beliefs and values that have an origin in the European Renaissance and Age of Enlightenment

Henry Clay of Kentucky was ran unsuccessfully for the presidency on five different occasion. He was one of the leading members of the Whig party and one of the longest serving U.S. Senators of the nineteenth century. He was called the "Great Compromiser" for his instrumental role in creating(...)

A traditional type of Native American lodging where a domed structure is supported by arched poles and other building material.

Prior to the 20th Century, Willamette Valley was inhabited by Kalapura Native Americans. Subsequent to the Lewis and Clark expeditions, the valley became a hub for fur traders.

In an effort to evade imprisonment for debts in Missouri, Becknell led a trade caravan along what later became known as the Santa Fe Trail in 1821. Somewhat serendipitously, his efforts opened the lucrative Santa Fe Trade.

A New Mexican editorial cartoonist, famous for his World War II cartoons of American GI's named "Willy and Joe."

Sheriff of Lincoln County, NM during the Lincoln County Wars. Brady was killed in an ambush in 1878.   

The first governor of the newly formed State of New Mexico   

Emory was a United States Army Officer and Texas boundary surveyor who produced a map in 1844 of Texas including territorial claims west of the Rio Grande. Also the author of the important work, Notes of a Military Reconnaissance from Fort Leavenworth in Missouri to San Diego in California,(...)

Taft served as the 27th U.S. President from 1909-1913. He promoted Dollar Diplomacy, a political means to secure economic and commercial interests of the U.S. in third world countries, specifically with Mexico.  

McCabe was one of the original Navajo Code Talkers. Years after the fact, he demonstrated the typical humility of the group about the work they had done during the war. He commented, "We’re just a walking coding machine …that’s all.  Whatever the other guy says it goes through his ears.  It(...)

Along with Frank Springer, William Morley challenged the political and economic prominence of the Santa Fe Ring over affairs in Colfax County in the 1870s.

Scurry was a Confederate General during the U.S. Civil War who lead troops, during the New Mexico Campaign, to significant victories at Glorieta Pass and Valverde.  

Sherman was a renowned Major General of the Civil War. Sherman's "March to the Sea" led to the taking of Savannah, Georgia for the Union and the beginning of the end for the Confederacy.  

  Scott was a Civil War General, who lead U.S. forces in the U.S.-Mexican War overland to Mexico City. This feat won the war.   

Created as a women's auxiliary unit of the United States Army in 194, the WACs were directly involved in war effort for the U.S. in England, Germany, Japan, and Russia.  

Wilson served as the 28th U.S. President who, during World War I, negotiated the Treaty of Versailles which lead to the creation of the League of Nations–the forerunner of the United Nations–and the eventual end of World War I.  

An indefinite statement that a writer makes about their topic early in the writing process for the purpose of planning or guiding their writing.

There are 759 cultural sites around the world that are considered by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) to have universal value for humanity. (see Chapter 3) http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/

Reveals a perspective on your subject that provides possibilities for further exploration.

An honest farmer who worked the land with his family as an embodiment of ideal Republican vision for the nation: honest, virtuous, hardworking, and independent.

James K. Polk was also known by the nickname "Young Hickory" due to his association with former President Andrew Jackson whose nickname was "Old Hickory."

General Zachary Taylor led an army of 3,500 men into Texas to secure the territory for the United States. He also joined General Winfield Scott with 10,000 reinforcements on a campaign to capture Mexico City. He later became President of the United States in 1848 and died in office in 1850.

A racial term used in the Spanish colonies in the Americans to refer to people of African and Amerindian mixed-race descent.

Pike led a small expedition into northern New Spain in 1807 in an attempt to find out whether or not U.S. territorial claims might be extended into the region. His party became stranded in the mountains near present-day Pikes Peak in Colorado and their arrest by a New Mexican party under(...)

The Zimmermann Telegram was a diplomatic proposal, sent via telegram, from the German Empire to the Mexican Government offering military aid during World War I.  

Diseases that can be transferred between humans and animals.

The language of the Zuni people, spoken by approximately 9,500 people worldwide.