Chapter 9: How Did We Get Here?

Change over time in a species is called

cultural relativity
mutagen
copy editing
evolution

Archbishop James Ussher estimated the age of the earth and humans to be around

12,000 years old
6,000 years old
4.5 million years old
4.5 billion years old

Remains of animals that have replaced by rock are called

relics
artifacts
fossils
paleos

All hominins were

bipedal
large-brained
very tall
knuckle-walkers

All australopithecines have been found in

Asia
Africa
South America
North America

Lucy is remarkable because

she discovered the first australopithecine in 1924
she is the oldest hominin
she is the oldest australopithecine
much of her post-cranial skeleton was found

The opening for the spinal cord at the base of the skull is called

bipedality
laetoli
the foramen magnum
medulla oblongata

Skeletal evidence for bipedalism includes

the position of the foramen magnum
the shape of the pelvis
the orientation of the femurs
the lack of a divergent or grasping toe
the Laetoli trackway
all are correct

Homo habilis is a consistent and well-understood fossil.

False
True

Homo erectus had a similar body stature to modern humans, but had a smaller brain size.

False
True

A Homo erectus specimen from Lake Turkana in Afrca in which much of the post-cranial skeleton is preserved in called.

Handy Man
Lucy
Neanderthal Man
Turkana Boy

Homo erectus made stone tools called

handaxes
arrowheads
atlatl darts
Oldowan choppers

At the site of Dmanisi in the Republic of Georgia

very primitive examples of Homo erectus were discovered
there is an Australopithecine trackway
Turkana Boy was discovered
Neanderthals buried their dead

Neanderthals had slightly larger brains than humans.

False
True

The Pleistocene from around 2.5 million to 12,000 years ago consisted of

the fusion of Africa and South America
a series of ice ages
the invention of agriculture
a series of Australopithecine footprints

The Neandertha genome has been sequenced, and it overlaps with some modern human populations.

True
False

The debate at The Pit of the Bones in Spain is

whether the handaxe "Excalibur" rightfully belongs to Arthur Pendragon
whether Homo erectus had language
whether the remains represent ritual deposition of the dead
whether Homo habilis should be considered another Australopithecine

We know Neanderthal buried their dead based on

skeletons that are oriented in manner
fully articulated skeletons
both are correct!

Evidence for Neanderthal cannibalism is

cave paintings representing cannibalistic rituals
fully articulated skeletons
written historical records
stone tool cut marks on Neanderthal bones

Evidence for Neanderthal care and sympathy is

excalibur
healed wounds
sympathy cards
cut marks on bone

Neanderthals overlapped in time with modern humans and interbred with them.

True
False

Compared to Archaic humans AMH’s have

smaller browridges
a smaller brain on average
a more domed-shaped skull
all are correct

Mitochondrial DNA is passed on

only to sons
from mother to offspring
by recombining with nuclear DNA
only to daughters

One of the first cases to link people to people living in the past was

the OJ Simpson trial
the Romanov case
the Syrian hamster revolution of 1918
Homo habilis

Hunting

is not interesting to paleoanthropologists since chimps also get most of their calories from meat
started during the Industrial Revolution
started in the last 10,000 years
is at least hundreds of thousands of years old

Hunting is thought to have

arisen in gorillas first
been invented around 5,000 years ago
done very little
helped fund the cost of the hominin brain

Gorilla diets

are supplemented with cooked foods
are similar to human diets
are high in protein
are insufficient to fund a bigger brain

Richard Wrangham thinks

raw food diets are better for humans
cooking foods ruins their nutrients
cooking with fire provided extra energy to fund a larger brain
humans should eat more like gorillas

Nina Jablonski argues that

sweat glands and furlessness are unrelated
human water sweat glands developed in response to a more open environment
humans sweat much like other mammals
furlessness in humans is a response to parasite load

Nina Jablonski thinks

we inherited watery sweat from our Syrian hamster forebears
increased pigmentation was a response to hominin furlessness
humans have very few sweat glands
fire burned off human hair